the day i goy lost

Chapter 1:

-Prefix values:

-Kilo (k): 1000 -Milli (m): .001

-Deka (da): 10 -Hecto (h): 100

-Centi (c): .01 -Yotta (Y): 1x1024

-Base units: Standard base 10 units of measurement; dimension = unit of measurement

-Length: meter (m) -Mass: kilogram (kg)

-Time: second (s) -Temperature: kelvin (K)

-Amount of substance: mole (mol) -Electric current: ampere (A)

-Derived units: Constructed from combinations of base units; radians = m/m = 1

-Force: newton (N) = kg*(m/s2

-Volume = m3

-Impulse = N*s -Momentum = kg*(m/s)

-Angular momentum = kg*(m2

-Angular acceleration = radian/s2

-Angular velocity = radian/s -Centripetal acceleration = kg*[(m/s)2

-Dimensional analysis: place all units in length (L) and time (T)

-d=vt+2/3at2 = L= + ( ) = L=L+L

2=v2+5ad = = + ( ) = = + = =

-v

-v=a/t = = T = Not correct

-Significant Figures: The correct number of digits that a mathematical answer should be in

-All non-zero numbers are always significant (1,417 = 4 sig figs)

-All zeroes between non-zero numbers are always significant (400,001 = 6 sig figs)

-All zeroes that are simultaneously to the right of a decimal point AND at the end of a number are

always significant (1.010 = 4 sig figs; 0.0010 = 2 sig figs)

-All zeroes to the left of a WRITTEN decimal point and are in a number > 10 are always

significant (900.06 = 5 sig figs; 0.0004 = 1 sig fig; 10.0 = 3 sig figs; 501.040 = 6 sig figs)

-The dimension in an equation with the fewest sig figs determines the sig figs used in the final

answer (so a=1.23m/s2

-Conversions:

-km/hr = 1000m/3600s = .2777m/s

-There is 1.496x108km or 1.496x1011m in one astronomical unit

-Revolutions* =radians -Revolutions* =degrees

-Radians* =revolutions -Radians* =degrees

-Degrees* =revolutions -Degrees* =radians

-Trigonometry: Sinθ = opposite/hypotenuse; Cosθ = adjacent/hypotenuse; Tanθ = opposite/adjacent

) -Energy: joule (J) = kg*(m2

/s) -Gravitational constant G = (6.67x10-11

/s2

)

-Acceleration = m/s2

-Torque = m2

)*[(N*m2

)/(kg2

)]

*kg/s2

/m]

, v=25m/s, d=1337m would be 2 digits because of 25m/s

θ = an angle Sinθ = y/r; Cosθ = x/r; Tanθ = y/x x

2+y2=r2

Chapter 2:

-Distance- scalar quantity that measures magnitude (e.g. walk 1 mile to 7/11 then 1 mile home = 2 miles;

walk 3 miles north then 4 miles east = 7 miles traveled)

-Displacement- vector quantity that measures magnitude with direction (e.g. 1 mile to 7/11 then 1 mile

home = 0 ft. from the origin; walk 3 miles north then 4 miles east = 5 miles east of north)

-Vector quantity- measures magnitude with direction

-Scalar quantity- only measures magnitude

-Average speed- scalar quantity; measures how fast something goes over a distance (run around a 1 mile

track at 10mi/hr = 10 mi/hr)

-Average velocity- vector quantity; measures how fast something goes over a displacement (run around a

1 mile track back to your origin at 10mi/hr = 0m/s)

-Instantaneous velocity- quantity whose magnitude is the speed and whose direction is the direction of

motion. It can be used to calculate the displacement of an object during a very short time interval, as long

as neither the speed nor the direction of motion change significantly during that time interval

-Slope of the line tangent to the velocity gives the instantaneous velocity; here 20m/35s = .57m/s

-Slope of the chord gives the average velocity over a shorter time interval; here 5m/10s = .5m/s

-Acceleration- any kind of change in velocity in a given time

-Acceleration due to gravity- is (-9.8m)/s2

Chapter 3:

-Vector- has direction and magnitude

-Scalar- can have magnitude, algebraic sign, and units, but not a direction in space

-Vector components- the magnitude of vectors in the X and Y directions, respectively

-Projectile- object in free fall that have a nonzero horizontal velocity component

-Resultant vector- the (usually) diagonal vector mathematically found from the X and Y components

Chapter 4:

-Force- a push or pull that is capable of causing an object (mass) to change its velocity (acceleration)

-Net Force- the sum of all forces acting on a mass; Fnet

-Applied (parallel) force- a force acting parallel to the surface

-Normal force- the force perpendicular to the surface it’s resting/sliding on; Flat=(m*g); Slant=(m*g*cosθ)

-External force- the interaction forces acting on an object in an open system where forces come from

inside of and outside of the system

-Equilibrium- conveys the idea that the forces are in balance; there is as much force up/down or left/right

-Friction- a contact force that is parallel to the surface an object is resting/sliding on

-Coefficients of friction: in real life, always greater than 0 and up to roughly 1.2 (some exceptions)

-Static: a contact force parallel to the surface while an object is at rest

-Kinetic: contact force while an object is in motion (lower than static friction)

-Terminal speed- speed at which an object can go no faster, usually applied to a falling object in the

atmosphere; when the force of the air resistance equals gravity, the object will stop accelerating and

maintain the same speed.

-Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia): To change the velocity of an object, an unbalanced force must be

applied to it; if the Fnet

inertia = 0 (no gravity too), then velocity is constant

-Newton’s Second Law: When an unbalanced force (as in, Fnet

accelerate; acceleration is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass

-Newton’s Third Law: Every force has an opposite and equal force; all forces exist in pairs (interaction

pairs); when you push on a object, the object pushes back with the same force

-Contact force- one mass actually touches another

on Earth

= (m*a) = (Fa-Ff) = (F||+Ff)

= 0, then the mass won’t change its velocity; inertia is a property of mass and if

0) is applied to an object, the object will

-Field force- a long range force that acts at a distance without needing to touch an object to make it move

-Gravitational (weakest): any two objects in the universe exert gravitational forces on each other

-Electromagnetic: binds electrons to nuclei to form atoms and binds atoms together in molecules

and solids; fundamental interaction between all macroscopic (visible) objects

-Weak atomic: present in many radioactive decay processes

-Strong atomic (strongest): holds protons and neutrons together as well as quarks

Chapter 5:

-Centripetal (radial) force- motion in an inward direction (toward the center)

-Centripetal (radial) acceleration- the acceleration of an object undergoing uniform circular motion

-Frequency- the number of revolutions per unit time ( )

-Period- time for the point to travel completely around the circle (T)

-Tangential velocity- the velocity of a specific point on a circle (radius*angular velocity)

-Gravity- F = G * =

-Gravitational constant- 6.67x10-11

-Weightless- occurs where gravity is negligible (although gravity is always acting upon everything)

-4 known basic facts- the planets travel in elliptical orbits, a line drawn from a planet to the sun sweeps

out areas in equal time intervals, the square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the average

distance from the planet to the Sun, and the sun is at one focus of an eclipse (this is a complete guess as

to what he meant because there’s nothing remotely related to this term anywhere in the book or notes)

-Astronomical unit- distances in space are so great that this unit of 1.496x108km is used in place of km

-Universal gravitation- the force that any two objects in the universe have on each other G

Chapter 6:

-Work- product of the magnitude of the force and the distance (N*d)

-Joule- unit measurement of energy expended

-Kinetic energy- energy due to motion

-Potential energy- stored energy due to interaction

-Gravitational PE- PE = mass*gravity*height = m*g*h

-Elastic PE- the kind of PE store in a spring ( )

-Total energy- the sum of PE and KE

-Lost energy- energy that leaves an equation in an open system (energy cannot be destroyed)

-Hooke’s law- identifies the variable force in a spring (F=KX where K = spring constant and X = spring’s

stretch or compression, usually in centimeters)

-Work-energy principle- the change in KE is equal to the Worknet

N*m2

/kg2

done on an object

-Power- rate of energy transfer in Watts (Joules/second)

-Chemical PE- energies of motion and interaction of electrons in atoms and molecules

Chapter 7: We never mentioned this in class, so I don’t know if this well even be on the exam or not

-Momentum- mass in motion (momentum = mass * velocity)

-Impulse- change in momentum (kg*m/s)

-Elastic collision- collision in which the total KE is the same before and after

-Inelastic collision- when the final KE is less than the initial KE

-Momentum-Impulse Theorem- total impulse on an object is equal to the change in the object’s

momentum during the same time interval

-Law of Conservation of Momentum- if the force acting on a system = 0, then the momentum is conserved

Chapter 8:

-Radians- unit of angular measure equal to the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc equal

in length to the radius of the circle

-Degrees- a measurement of an angle out of 360

-Revolutions- a whole rotation of a circle or circular shaped object

-Angle- The figure formed by two lines diverging from a common point

-Angular velocity- how fast a circular body rotates measured in radians per second

-Angular acceleration- how fast a circular body changes in radians per second squared

-Torque- quantity related to force that plays the role in rotation that force itself plays in translation (T=F*r)

-Lever arm- the distance r_|_ where T = r*(F * sinθ)

-Rotational inertia- same thing as the moment of inertia

-Moment of Inertia- how hard it is to change an object’s angular velocity

-Rotational kinetic energy- KE due to the rotation of an object (KErot

-Work done by torque- even though torque is a measurement of energy, it’s not the same as a joule

-Conservation of angular momentum- if the net external torque acting on a system is 0, then the angular

momentum of the system cannot change

= 1/2 * Inertia * (angular velocity)2