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The Dutch Disease in Ethiopia

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The Dutch Disease in Ethiopia
Aid and the Dutch Disease in Ethiopia
AID AND THE DUTCH-DISEASE IN ETHIOPIA
Monetary Policy and Economic Research Directorate
National Bank of Ethiopia
Teferi Mequaninte tefmeq@yahoo.com May, 2005
SECTION ONE
Introduction
Following the introduction of the Structural adjustment program (SAP) in 1992 to the Ethiopian economy, there was a massive inflow of foreign aid in the form of grants, concessional loans and technical assistance. Net aid1 inflows to Ethiopia during the Derg period were around 7 percent of GDP and are doubled to 14 percent of GDP during the EPRDF regime. These elevated flows have raised a number of concerns, ranging from fears about the effect of aid inflows on the real exchange rate and export performance. The source of anxiety for all this is the Dutch disease problem of foreign aid. While seemingly beneficial foreign aid inflows may generate undesirable effects in the economy. These undesirable effects include a decline in export performance and manufacturing production caused by appreciation of the real exchange rate and resources moving out of manufacturing into other sectors (Timothy,1997). There are also concerns about aid sustainability. Specifically, while LDCs have been forced to take on greater burden of global adjustment, most donor countries have been unwilling to expand financial support for adjustment in the LDCs (Bigsten, 2003). These could be due to different motives by the donor countries. Instead of addressing the most developmental constraints of a recipient country, donors may wish to enhance the military prow ness of a recipient country, to promote their commercial interest, to support a friendly government in power, and/or to acquire goodwill in the expectation that it would be politically valuable later (Krueger, 1991). As has been well documented in the works of Adams et al (1994), foreign aid inflows cannot continue indefinitely given donor fatigue and the growing competition for aid funds among LDCs.
Still,



References: Adams, C.(1992). “Recent developments in Economic methods: An application to Kenya”, African Research Consortium (AERC), Special Paper No.15, Nairobi. Aron Janine and Elbadawi Ibrahim A., (1992). “Parallel market, the Foreign Exchange Auction, and Exchange Rate unification in Zambia”. Policy Research Working paper WPS 909, the World Bank. Aron Janine, Elbadawi Ibrahim A., and Kahn Brian (1997). “Determinants of the real exchange rate in South Africa”, Center for the study of African Economies, WPS 97, CSAE publishing, Oxford. Baffes John, Elbadawi Ibrahim A. and O’Connell Stphen A (1999). “ Single-Equation Estimation of the Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate”. In Hinkle Lawrence E. and Montiel Peter J. (ed). Chenery, H. and A. Strout (1966). “Foreign assistance and economic development” American economic review, vol.56. Corden W.M. and J.P. Neary. (1982). “Booming sector and de-industrialization in small open economy”. The Economic Journal. Griffin, K (1970). “Foreign capital, domestic savings and economic development” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, vol.18. Krueger, Anne O. (1987). “Debt, capital flows and LDC Growth”. The American Economic Review, vol.77, No,2. Morrisey, O. (1992). “The mixing of aid and trade policies”. Credit Research paper No.92/5. Nottingham: Center for Research in Economic development and International trade. Mosley, P., Hudson, J., Hrrel, S. (1987),”Aid, the public sector and the market in less Developed countries”, Economic Journal 97, No.2. Arne Bigsten (2003). “Can Aid Generate Growth in Africa?” Working papers in economics no 3, Goteborg University. Beatrice Kalinda M. (2001). “Long-run determinants of the real exchange rate in Zambia”. Department of Economics, Goteborg University. Edwards, S. and S. Van Wijnbergen (1989). “Disequilibrium and Structural Adjustment”. Hand book of Development Economics, vol.2, Amsterdam: North Holland. EEC (1990) “Ethiopia and the European Community” Brussels. Elbadawi Ibrahim A and Soto Raimundo (1997). “Real exchange rates and macroeconomic Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries”. Journal of African Economies, No. 6 vol. 3. Jing Xu (2003). “Real exchange rate misalignment in developing countries: Empirical investigations” Economics 423 P. Mueser. Lancaster, C. and S. Wangwe (1998). “What is aid dependence” Workshop paper. AERC collaborative project on the transition from aid dependence. Nairobi. Loxley, J. (1998). “Interdependence, disequilibrium and growth reflections on the political economy of North-South relations at the turn of the century”. International economy series, IDRC Canada. Timothy S.Nyoni (1997). “Foreign Aid and Economic Performance in Tanzania”. African Economic Research Consortium, Research paper 61, Nairobi. Todarro, Michael P. (1989). “Foreign investment and Aid: old controversies and new opportunities” In economic development in the third world, New York. Van Wijnbergen, S. (1985). “Aid export promotion and the real exchange rate: An African dilemma?”. World Bank country policy Department Discussion paper, no 54. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. Van Wijnbergen, S. (1986). “Macroeconomic aspects of the effectiveness of foreign aid: on the two-gap model, home goods and disequilibrium and real exchange rate misalignment”. Journal of International Economics, no.21. Vos R. (1989). “Ecuador: windfall gains, unbalanced growth and stabilization”. In E.V.K Fitzgerald and R.Vos, eds., Financing economic development: A structural approach to monetary policy. Aldershot Growth Publishers. White, H(1992). “The macroeconomic impact of development aid, a critical survey”. Journal of development studies. Vol. 28, no.2(January). Younger, S.D. (1992). “Aid and Dutch disease: Macroeconomic management when every body loves you”. World development. Vol.20, no.12.

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