An Ongoing Negotiation, and the End to a Presidency
Among the many foreign relation events in American History only a few have left the nation in a state of shock and realization of their true enemies overseas. In a time when building a relationship with the Middle East was at the top of American policies, a crisis arose during the presidency of Jimmy Carter. In November 1979 Iranian students took hostage of the United States Embassy in Tehran for 444 days. The shaping of the national agenda and the organizing of the 1980 presidential campaign was drastically altered. At the same time the United States economy was in a recession by a doubling of oil prices, which was closely associated with the crisis. Iran supplied about 65 percent of the world’s exported oil in 1979, if this oil was to stop or prices were dramatically raised it would result in a collapse economically in the West. The year it took to get the hostages released resulted in the failure of Jimmy Carter as a United States president and the lose of his re-election for a second term. Carter allowed the hostage crisis to consume him and to not concentrate on the real matters of winning his re-election and dealing with the other needs of the American people. The Iran hostage crisis proved to be the last event Jimmy Carter would deal with in his time as president. With the international media broadcasting the event everyday, a failed rescue attempt, and a failed attempt to release the hostages sooner, Carter was unable to appeal to the American public as a strong leader. The United States interference within Iran caused major problems inside the Iran government, which later led to the hostage situation of innocent Americans. This caused a blowback in the foreign relation between the United States and Iran, and led to the election of Ronald Reagan.
Before the Iran Hostage Crisis there
Bibliography: The New York Times, 1979-1981 New York Post, 1979-1981 The Washington Post, 1979-1781 American Hostages Released from Iran Carter on Failed Iran Hostage Rescue. (2013). The History Channel website. Retrieved 9:44, October 22, 2013, from http://www.history.com/speeches/carter-discusses-failed-iran-hostage-rescue. Reagan: Don 't Negotiate with Terrorists. (2013). The History Channel website. Retrieved 9:45, October 22, 2013, from http://www.history.com/videos/reagan-dont-negotiate-with-terrorists. Bakhash, Shaul, and Robin Wright. “The U.S. and Iran: An Offer They Can’t Refuse?” Foreign Policy, no. 108 (1997): 124-137. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1149094. Baqer, Moin Bowden, Mark. Guests of the Ayatollah: The Iran Hostage Crisis: The First Battle in America’s War with Militant Islam. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2006. Carter, Jimmy. White House Diary. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. Crist, David. The Twilight War: The Secret History of America’s Thirty-Year Conflict with Iran. New York: The Penguin Press, 2012. Daugherty, William J. In the Shadow of the Ayatollah: A CIA Hostage in Iran. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001. Glad, Betty. Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisors, and the Making of American Foreign Policy. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2009. Glad, Betty. “Personality, Political and Group Process Variables in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: Jimmy Carter’s Handling of the Iranian Hostage.” International Political Science Review, 10, no. 1 (1989): 35-61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1600729. Houghton, David Patrick. US Foregin Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Jordon, Hamilton. Crisis The Last Year of The Carter Presidency. New York, New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1982. Kaufman, Scott. Plans Unraveled: The Foreign Policy of the Carter Administration.Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press, 2008. Klein, Woody Larson, James L. “The American Response to the Iranian Hostage Crisis: 444 Days of Decision.” International Social Science Review, 57, no. 4 (1982): 195-209. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41881381. Matthews, Chris. Tip and The Gipper. Simon & Schuster, 2013. McDermett, Rose. “Prospect Theory in International Relations: The Iran Hostage Rescue Mission.” Political Psychology, 13, no. 2 (1992): 237-263. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3791680 Mendez, Antonio, and Matt Baglio Nacos, L. Brigitte. Terrorism & The Media: From the Iran Hostage Crisis to the World Trade Center Bombing. New York, New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. Reagan: Don 't Negotiate with Terrorists. (2013). The History Channel website. Retrieved 10:39, November 18, 2013, from http://www.history.comhttp://www.history.com/videos/reagan-dont-negotiate-with-terrorists. Tyler, Patrick. World of Trouble: The White House and the Middle East-from the Cold War to the War on Terror. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009. Wilentz, Sean. The Age of Reagan: A History 1974-2008. New York: Harper Perennial, 2009. "White House History Classroom | Grades 9-12." White House History Classroom Grades 9-12. Accessed on November 8, 2013. http://www.whha.org/whha_classroom/classroom_9-12-transitions-carter.html.