Thesis

Name: Date: November 24, 2013

Rebellious Teens Nowadays

CHAPTER 1
The PROBLEM and ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

It's the poster characteristic of the teenager years: adolescent rebellion. And it's one that causes many conflicts with parents. Two common types of rebellion are against socially fitting in (rebellion of non-conformity) and against adult authority (rebellion of non-compliance.) In both types, rebellion attracts adult attention by offending it.

Serious rebellion typically begins at the outset of adolescence, and when it does many parents think this opposition is against them. They are usually mistaken. Rebellion is not against them; it is only acted out against them. Rebellion at this age is primarily a process through which the young person rejects the old child identity that he or she now wants to shed to clear the way for more grown up redefinition ahead. Rebellion at this early adolescent age proclaims: "I refuse to be defined and treated as a child anymore!" Now he knows how he doesn't want to be, but he has yet to discover and establish how he does want to be.

The young person proudly asserts individuality from what parents like or independence of what parents want and in each case succeeds in provoking their disapproval. This is why rebellion, which is simply behavior that deliberately opposes the ruling norms or powers that be, has been given a good name by adolescents and a bad one by adults. The reason why parents usually dislike adolescent rebellion is not only that it creates more resistance to their job of providing structure, guidance, and supervision, but because rebellion can lead to serious kinds of harm.

Rebellion can cause young people to rebel against their own self-interests -- rejecting childhood interests, activities, and relationships that often support self-esteem. It can cause them to engage in self-defeating and self-destructive behavior - refusing to do school work or even physically hurting themselves. It can cause them to experiment with high-risk excitement - accepting dares that as children they would have refused. It can cause them to reject safe rules and restraints - letting impulse overrule judgment to dangerous effect. And it can cause them to injure valued relationships - pushing against those they care about and pushing them away.

So adolescent rebellion is not simply a matter of parental aggravation; it is also a matter of concern. Although the young person thinks rebellion is an act of independence, it actually never is. It is really an act of dependency. Rebellion causes the young person to depend self-definition and personal conduct on doing the opposite of what other people want. That’s why the antidote for rebellion is the true independence offered by creating and accepting a challenge - the young person deciding to do something hard with themselves for themselves in order to grow them. The teenager who finds a lot of challenges to engage with, and who has parents who support those challenges, doesn't need a lot of rebellion to transform or redefine him or herself in adolescence.
Statement of the Problem: This research will answer the following about…

1. Degree a young person needs to rebel varies
2. Common types of Rebellion
3. The Effects of Authoritative Parents in Child’s Behavior

Scope and Delimitation

This research covers respondents from 13 to 23 years of age specifically teenagers without their right parental control.

Operational Definition of Terms

Self Esteem- is a term used in psychology to reflect a person's overall emotional evaluation of his or her own worth. It is a judgment of oneself as well as an attitude toward the self. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs for example, "I am competent," "I am worthy" and emotions such as triumph, despair, pride and shame. Frank Sulloway posits that later born children tend to rebel more than first born. Some of his reasoning is because they identify less with parents, do not want to be clones of the older child or children who went before, and give themselves more latitude to grow in nontraditional ways. So, parents may find later born children to be more rebellious.

Adolescence- is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. The period of adolescence is most closely associated with the teenage years. Though it’s physical, psychological and cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later. For example, although puberty has been historically associated with the onset of adolescent development, it now typically begins prior to the teenage years and there have been a normative shift of it occurring in preadolescence, particularly in females Physical growth, as distinct from puberty (particularly in males), and cognitive development generally seen in adolescence, can also extend into the early twenties.

CHAPTER 2
Related Literature

Rebellious teenagers can cause difficulties in their own lives and their behavior often affects the entire family. Because they are trying to find their place in the adult world, teens tend to push the limits that are set for them and often despair if they do not excel. Some experts even diagnose this as a disorder called Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD). Depending on the severity of the situation, there are several ways to deal with a rebellious teen. As the parent, you must walk a fine line between being in charge and giving teens a chance to become independent.

There are some characteristic that are common among rebellious teens. Rebellion teenagers can cause difficulties in their own lives and their behavior often affects the entire family.

In mid adolescence, during the late middle school and early high school years, most rebellion is about creating needed differentiation to experiment with identity and needed opposition to gather power of self-determination. When parents feel hard-pressed by these acts of rebellion (breaking social rules, running with wilder friends, for example) they are best served by allowing natural consequences to occur and by repeatedly providing positive guidance. They do this by continually making statements about, and taking stands for, choices that support constructive growth.

Each time they do so, they provide the young person a fresh choice point to cooperate with them. Particularly when rebellion pushes hardest, as it usually does in mid adolescence; it is the responsibility of parents to keep communicating a reference that will guide the young person down a constructive path of growing up. In the words of one veteran parent who had shepherded two adolescents through periods of high rebellion, "what it takes is the gentle pressure of positive direction relentlessly applied."

Just because they won't heed what parents say and want at the moment doesn't mean that reference is not worth giving. Since rebellion is often reinforced by messages from peers, parents should keep getting their message in there. The son or daughter who ignored that direction today may decide to follow it tomorrow. Why? Because young people know that is parents and not peers who ultimately have their best interests at heart. Rebellion starts in early adolescence with the young person resisting parental authority by saying: "You can't make me!" Rebellion ends in the last stage of adolescence, trial independence, with the young person resisting personal authority by saying: "I can't make me!"

Having dethroned parental authority for leading her life and supplanted it with her own authority, she finds herself rebelling against it. It's like the young person is saying: "Nobody is going to order me around, not even me!" For example, the young person knows he has to be on time for a job, but he can't make himself get up in the morning. The young person knows she has to study, go to class, and turn in assignments, but she can't make herself do the college work. Both he and she know they shouldn't drink so much at parties because of how they act and what they let happen, but in the company of friends they can't make themselves stop. The old Walt Kelly quote really captures this conflicted age: "We have met the enemy and they are us."

What can parents do at this point? They must let the consequences of the young person's resistant choices play out and not interfere. How to end this rebellion against self-interest and accept their leadership authority in life is the last challenge of adolescence. It must be met before young adulthood can truly begin.

Some of the examples of the Rebellious Teenagers is Holden Caulfield, the 16-year-old protagonist of The Catcher in the Rye, is the epitome of teenage anger and rebellion. After he's kicked out of school for poor grades, Holden begins a three-day exploration of the ups and downs of life in New York City. Holden's often-moody demeanor and reckless series of choices frequently strikes a chord with teenagers who read the novel.

They understand Holden's confusion about growing older. They understand his choices to drink and pretend to act as an adult. They understand that he doesn't want to face his parents, and the resulting punishment he'll receive for his expulsion from school.

For many teenagers, Holden's rebellious acts make perfect sense as a way to express freedom and pull away from the values society attempts to instill in them. To gain freedom in life, some teens rebel against the authority figures in their lives. For some teens, this could include experimentation with drugs or alcohol, while others rebel by skipping class, or listening to music their parents don't approve of.

In a way, it is a very normative behavior that most teens go through. Yet while many teens make it through the tough parts of adolescence, teen rebellion has serious consequences for some.
According to “Theories of Adolescent Risk-taking Behaviors” from The Handbook of Adolescent Health Risk Behavior, risky, rebellious behaviors often earn teen’s acceptance and respect from their peers.

Authors Vivian Igra and Charles E. Irwin describe that risk-taking behaviors usually display a “developmental trajectory,” increasing as a teenager grows older. For example, rates of sexuality, reckless vehicle use, and substance use increase with age. According to the book, parents should view acts of rebellion as part of the transition to adulthood, and that actions that might seem rebellious or dangerous at age 12, such as sexual activity, might be normal parts of behavior at age 20.

In, “Parents, Siblings, and Peers: Close Social Relationships and Adolescent Deviance,” published in The Journal of Early Adolescence, researchers examined the influence of family and sibling relationships on behavior usually associated with rebellious behaviors, such as substance use, ignoring authority figures, sexual activity, and cheating on tests.

The study, conducted by researchers Monika Ardett and Laurie Day, looked at 121 families and found that teenagers with strong parental support were less likely to engage in rebellious behavior, even if their friends are considered rebellious. Each family was questioned about relationships between parents and children, including factors like problem solving within the family and discipline consistency.

The study found that teenagers without adult supervision engaged in more risky behaviors, while the teenagers who received consistent, but fair, discipline engaged in less risky behaviors.

The study suggests that parents who are authoritative (demanding, and also responsive with punishments), are much more effective than parents who are authoritarian (demanding, but unresponsive with punishments).

A teenager who is used to absolute independence from parents would most likely not listen to those parents if they decided to threaten him or her with consequences for poor choices.
For example, a teenage boy sneaks out of his house to go to a friend's party. The teen's parents are inconsistent about rules and punishments, so the teen does not fear repercussions for his actions.

If his parents caught and tried to punish him, he would most likely ignore any threats of future consequences because he does not respect his parents. To him, the consequences would seem out of place, and random coming from his easygoing parents, and he wouldn't take future threats of consequences seriously.

But if a teen knew that his or her parents would apply a consequence for sneaking out to drink with friends, the teen is much more likely to not engage in that behavior in the first place.
But even when a teenager receives support from parents and family members, there are underlying reasons the teen might make poor choices. Looking at the actions of some teenagers, many parents think, “How could my teenager make such a dumb choice? Wasn't he thinking? Didn’t I provide a better role model?”

The study “Risk-taking in Adolescence: New Perspectives from Brain and Behavioral Science,” published in Current Directions in Psychological Science, states that risk-taking and rebellious behaviors are linked to the development of logical-reasoning abilities in teenagers.

Conducted by researcher Laurence Steinberg, the study states that the logical-reasoning abilities of teenagers tend to develop fully by age 15, but the psychosocial controls – emotion regulation, impulse control, resistance to peer influence, and delay of gratification – don't fully develop until age 25. Teenagers who engage in risky behaviors to rebel might face repercussions from the law or problems with health later in life. To ensure a teen develops in healthy ways, professionals like counselors and psychologists provide guidance during adolescence.

Managing teen Rebellion

Some parents make the mistake of essentially “giving in” to a teenager's rebellious behavior. They feel their “out-of-control teen” is helpless and that by ignoring the issue, it will disappear.
These parents might essentially be counting down the hours until their child turns 18, just so they can get him or her out of the house. But by seeking psychological assistance, parents ensure that they have the right tools to interact with their difficult teenager.

In “Breaking Away: Adolescent Behavior in Context,” published in Canadian Family Physician, the reasons for adolescent problem behaviors are analyzed, and author David M. Magder provides tips for psychologists and parents to manage these behaviors. Magder first suggests that psychologists and parents talk directly with teenagers. Teenagers aren't used to being addressed as adults, showing uneasiness at first. But by speaking directly to teens, discussing their hobbies and interests, and developing adult relationships, teens feel the respect they desire.
The paper also notes that while teens outwardly push for freedom, they still require – and even desire – limits on their freedom. But Magder says parents set limits by acknowledging how teens think, while still making the distinction between dangerous choices and good ones.

For example, Magder says he might acknowledge to a teen that marijuana is less dangerous than alcohol, but also point out that all drugs are dangerous, and that just because one is not as dangerous as the other doesn't mean it's still a smart decision to make.

One of the main reasons teenagers justify poor decisions is by observing the world around them. Often, with a strong family support network, teenagers grow out of their rebellious behavior as they develop identities. By working with the teen through this period and above all, not giving up, parents and educators will ensure the healthy development of their adolescents.

Teenagers and Importance of Friends

During the teenage years, friendships are important for several reasons. Teenagers typically spend more time with their peers than they do with their parents, siblings or other social contacts. Therefore, friends influence many aspects of a teenager’s life. Healthy friendships can help teenagers avoid delinquency, isolation and many of the negative characteristics that are associated with this period of life.

Acceptance and Confidence

Healthy friendships help teenagers feel accepted and confident and can pave the way for the development of other positive social ties. Confidence and feeling accepted are integral characteristics for a teen’s social and emotional development. When a teenager feels as if he is a part of a group, he is less likely to be negatively affected by bullying and other forms of rejection. Teens who feel confident and accepted may also be less likely to engage in the bullying of others.

Positive Influence

Friends can be positive influences in the scholastic, social and personal aspects of a teenager’s life. Because friends often share common goals and/or interests, they can persuade a teen to make good choices. They can deter delinquency and conflict, encourage success in school and provide the basis for a larger network of associations that will be helpful later in life. Friendships can also help a teen get back on track with her goals and/or plans for the future when other, more negative influences are present.

Trustworthy Confidant

The teenage years are often stressful. Having trustworthy, loyal friends is important to help teenagers deal with the stress and uncertainty that is a normal part of development. As noted by adolescent specialist Maria de Guzman, “healthy friendships provide youths with social support for dealing with some of the challenges of adolescence." Friends can serve as a sounding board for issues such as relationships, school, work and conflict with parents.

Healthy Fun and Excitement

Friends are also outlets for fun and excitement. Friendships or peer groups help teenagers find healthy ways to have fun outside of home, school and work. With unhealthy peer influences, a teenager may engage in negative behavior. Healthy friendships, on the other hand, encourage pastimes that do not involve risk of delinquency or harm. An article posted in the University of Illinois Extension notes that, through companionship, recreation and common goals, friendships promote fun and excitement.

Ways to Prevent Teenage Rebellion

Preventing all forms of rebellion can be a difficult chore as some of this behavior is a normal process of growing up. Keeping the dangerous forms under control is necessary though in order to avoid further problems from developing. If your Aspergers teen is showing harmful rebellious behavior, further treatment with a mental health professional should be sought. Rebellion could be due to another underlying problem. As moms and dads, the following methods can be helpful in keeping rebellion at a minimum.

Don't be too harsh with criticism - Adolescents like to experiment with their individuality to discover who they are. As long as it is not harmful, let them try out new things. Give your opinion, but don't criticize.

Keep an open relationship with your teen - Let them know that they can always come to you with their problems, under any circumstances. If your rebellious teenager feels the need to be alone, give them some space to work out their problems by themselves first.
Punishments should be fair - Set reasonable consequences for broken rules as unfair punishments can create further rebellion.

Set up some reasonable house rules - If your rules are to strict, your rebellious adolescent might feel the need to break them. Give your adolescents some say in home of these rules and curfews so that they feel some ownership over them.

Try not to argue with your rebellious adolescent - Yelling and arguing with your rebellious adolescent about your differences only sets a bad example of how to deal with problems. Try to approach the matter at hand in a calm fashion. If that cannot be done, give yourselves some space for a while and talk about it at a later time once tempers diminish.

The Effects of Society in Teenage Behavior

Media Influences

Between TV, the movies, online videos and all of the other media sources out there, it's no wonder that these societal influences can shape your teen's behavior for good or for ill. The American Academy of Pediatrics' Healthy Children website notes that parents should watch for media influences that include acts of violence, sexual situations, statements about body image, alcohol and drug use, and gender or cultural stereotypes. Although your teen might seem immune to what he the media is saying, some messages can slowly begin to sink in and make risky behaviors such as underage drinking or unprotected sex seem attractive.

Advertisements

Advertising can influence a teen's behavior in multiple ways, including how the child acts as well as her spending habits. For example, the child development experts at the Healthy Children website note that cigarette ads can negatively influence a teen's ideas and thoughts when it comes to smoking. Without adequate adult guidance, ads that feature young, attractive people smoking can make this unhealthful habit seem acceptable or even appealing. Aside from glorifying, or selling, risky behaviors, advertising can also alter the way a teen chooses to spend money. Whether it is mom and dad's cash or an after-school job paycheck, enticing ads in magazines, billboards, TV or in-store displays can make teens think it's acceptable to spend hard-earned money on pricey or unnecessary items such as designer label jeans.

School

The schools, and subsequent social environments, are parts of society that exert a communal influence on teens. Every junior and senior high school setting is different in some way, creating a community that accepts or disregards certain behaviors. This could mean that a child who had certain values or beliefs before entering junior or senior high school might make changes due to the predominant school views. For example, if the popular crowd believes that cool girls shouldn't get good grades, your daughter might start to take up behaviors that lead to poor grades. Society and Laws

Some aspects of society can have a positive influence. As children grow into the teen years, they become more aware of legal issues and society's laws. Although a younger child might know that stealing money can result in jail time, adolescents have the ability to understand legalities in a more abstract way. This knowledge might help teens to think twice before engaging in risky or illegal activities such as underage drinking, drug use or drinking and driving. This isn't to say that teens aren't going to experiment with illegal substances just because the societal laws say "no," but instead they might think harder about their choices in light of the consequences.

The Effects of Authoritative Parents in Child’s Behavior

Your parenting methods may fit into one of a few different styles, with your specific style having a significant impact on your children. Established in the 1960s by psychologist Diana Baumrind, parenting styles include authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and uninvolved. Authoritative parenting establishes firm and loving limits for children. By exploring the effects of authoritative parenting on children, you can understand how this parenting style may benefit your children.

Overview

Communication forms the foundation of the authoritative parenting model, as presented by Diana Baumrind in her report entitled, “Effects of Authoritative Parental Control on Child Behavior.” The authoritative parent encourages communication, yet maintains a loving bottom line of authority with the child. In addition, authoritative parents use loving responsiveness with children, states Javiette Samuel, Ph.D, with the Tennessee State University Cooperative Extension Program.

Authoritative Parenting in Action

Authoritative parents use a combination of love and limits with children to help children learn and develop independence. For example, parents using this parenting method might say, "I want you to stay off the top of the swing set because you could fall and hurt yourself."

An authoritarian parent might say, "Come down from there immediately! Why? Because I said so, that's why!" Authoritative parenting involves a delicate balance of expectations and demands in a fair and responsive environment, according to the University of Minnesota Extension.

Authoritative parents keep an open mind about issues and rules, and are willing to listen and consider the child’s opinions and viewpoints. In-depth discussions and respectful conversations between parents and offspring are common in a household with authoritative parents. Authoritative parents are also careful to institute clear, well-defined expectations with children that have reasonable consequences attached to each expectation.

Skills Developed

When children grow up with authoritative parents, they learn basic skills of discussion and conversation, enabling them to listen, converse and share thoughts effectively, states Kimberly Kopko, an extension associate with the Cornell University. Children often learn important skills of negotiation, as well. This equips children to give and take respectfully with other people, when arriving at a compromise. It’s common for these children to develop stronger social skills and exhibit more emotional control and maturity. In contrast, children of authoritarian parents may lack these negotiating and social skills, simply because they were never encouraged to develop and use them at home.

Personality Traits

The children who grow up in an authoritative household usually acquire a variety of positive personality traits. These children often have higher self-esteem and confidence because of the nurturing and encouraging environment.

Children often exhibit higher levels of optimism, happiness, patience and emotional control, as well. Children with authoritative parents may be more socially competent, independent and responsible.

The firm but loving authoritative parenting style often produces more competent and creative children, because they are encouraged to follow their innate interests and gifts, states Baumrind. Children of authoritarian parents may act out rebelliously or become overly dependent on parents. Children of permissive parents may lack self-control and they may exhibit egocentric characteristics, according to Kopko.

Rebellious Behavior in Teenagers

All children rebel. And if you don’t believe this fact, then you’ve never raised a two year old. It’s called the ‘terrible twos’ for a reason, after all. The toddler wants to assert his own rights and does so by challenging authority.

My niece, who I adore, does so at the top of her lungs. I can’t wait until she turns three. But I also wonder how she will begin to challenge authority later in life. How will she rebel when she is a teenager and she has access to money and a car? It makes me worry. Still, every person goes through puberty and most come through unscathed. But parents need to know why teenagers rebel and how they might rebel, in order to be prepared.

The causes of teenage rebellion aren’t that complex. In order to become fully-functional adults, children need to separate themselves from dependency on adults. They need to assert themselves as grown human beings with thoughts and ideas of their own, that may be different from the generation that came before them. This is a normal part of development and can appear in two different types. Teenagers can rebel against society (non-conformity rebellious acts) or against adult authority (non-compliance rebellious acts) on either a large or small scale.

I’m sure when I became vegetarian at age sixteen, my parents saw this as an act of teenage rebellion. I was rejecting their views on animal rights, cooking, and diet and branching off on my own. Of course, this act of rebellion was not highly worrisome as it did not harm myself or others. But rebellious acts are simply anything out of the norm. A Christian child who stops going to church can be viewed as rebellious.

An A+ student who stops studying can also be seen as rebelling. Other rebellious acts can be more extreme however. These actions can include sexual promiscuity, drugs, gambling, crime, skipping school, smoking, or suicide attempts. The effects of teenage rebellion can be both positive and negative. Acting against the norm can help an individual find themselves, by branching out in new areas and discovering what they want to do with their life.
They can help learn about their own values, gain new friendships, and discover talents. But the flaw in teenage rebellion is that sometimes, as Carl E. Pickhardt states, teenagers “can rebel against their own self-interests.” Since the human brain doesn’t finish developing until age 25 – long after adolescence – teenagers can’t always see the consequences of their own actions. They might end up ‘sacrificing their future self’ by ending up with a criminal record, an eating disorder, an addiction, or even a pregnancy.

Thus parents have a difficult duty during the teenage years. They need to give their adolescent time and room to explore and grow, without giving up all parental controls. Teenagers should be allowed to make some mistakes, but not ones that will affect their future in a negative way.

Impact of family on troubled teens

The dichotomous nature of adolescence causes teenagers to desire freedom from their parents, while also craving their acceptance and support. While the influence of parents as role models wanes during the teenage years, strong family support is still a deeply important part of teenage development.

The Causes of Teenage Rebellion

In today’s society especially teenagers are becoming rebellious. They have tended to be rebellious for decades, but now-a-days it’s even worse. Parents have tended to “give” too much with their children at younger ages so when they get to the teenage stage they are just plain and simple hellions. Parents have tended to “give” to their children because in today’s society it isn’t correct to spank your child as a form of punishment. Most parents feel that the “let’s have a talk out back of the shed” approach was the way to go, but now if you do that child services will be called. There are many causes of teenage rebellion but some causes that are all linked to one another are experiences in their changing bodies, hormonal changes, and relating to the opposite sex differently.

Once children hit the age of about 13 or 14, and they become teenagers, their bodies start to experience change. For some this can be a very difficult time. Girls will start graining inches around the hip and breast areas. Some girls gain more inches than others and that can cause insecurity. At this age girls generally start having their periods. Though as we get older we realize it’s not that big of a deal, and we’d much rather have our period than not, at this age it’s embarrassing if you’re the only one of your friends with a period.

Boys will also experience body changes. Their voices will begin to deepen, and though it doesn’t sound that bad, during the changing time period their voices will tend to “crack” randomly. That can be hard to deal with. They will also begin to grow a bunch of hair in a bunch of places. Some will grow more than others. That tends to make some feel alienated because they are not maturing at the same rate as their friends.

All these changes in bodies can easily cause a teenager to be rebellious. In their minds you, the parent, do not know what they are going through. Couple that with them being embarrassed to talk about it, and you have the recipe for a rebellious child
With all these body changes teenagers also experience their first hormonal changes. Several different things happen with this. Acne is a big one for many male and female teens. Some do not have it as bad as others, and then some don’t have it at all. Besides acne, changes with hormones cause other “feelings” in teenagers. Friendships will tend to turn into something more and they tend to think about the opposite sex in a more romantic way.

With all of these hormonal changes, teens think about their friends of the opposite sex differently. Girls try to look good for all the boys because they want to be noticed and awed over. If they do not get the result they are looking for they tend to get angry at themselves, because they think they are not good enough, and at the boy because they think he is to dumb to realize they are pretty.

This causes a lot of friendships to end, and more romantic relationships to begin.
So in conclusion, even though changes in teen's bodies, changes with teen's hormones, and teen's thinking of the opposite sex differently are all related to one another, they are all three causes of teenage rebellion. Teens all seem to want to rebel, but if you talk them through this and let them know you do understand what they are going through, maybe they won't be quite so quick to rebel against you.

Related Study

Results from the CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey:

The Youth Risk Behavior Survey is a nationwide survey administered to all high school students to gauge risky behaviors of today’s teens:

o 69.5% of students rode bikes, 84.7% didn't wear helmets. o 9.7% of students didn't wear seat belts in cars. o 46.7% of students reported trying cigarettes. o 72.5% of students had at least one drink in their lives, 41% of students had a drink in the past 30 days. o 24.2% of those students reported drinking five or more drinks in a row. o 36.8% of students reported using marijuana once. o 20.8% of students reported marijuana use in the past 30 days. o 46% of students reported having sexual intercourse.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey

When analyzing teenage rebellion, there are a number of factors that dictate how and when a teenager rebels. For example, the social status of an adolescent, and his or her self-esteem, has significant impact on how he or she views rebellious behavior.