Unit 18 Blood Composition Essay
Chapter 18 Blood Composition
What are the three functions of blood?
Transportation, Regulation, and Protection
What makes up the formed elements of the blood?
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells-
-Granular leukocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
-Agranular leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells, monocytes.
What is the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs?
Hematocrit
What is the normal range of hematocrit for adult females? Adult males? women:38-46% males: 40-54%
What does a significant drop in hematocrit indicate?
Anemia, a lower than normal number RBC's
What does an abnormally high percentage of RBC's indicate? polycythemia. What are causes of polycythemia? abnormal RBC production, tissue …show more content…
hypoxia, dehydration, and blood doping or the use of EPO by athletes.
What is hemopoiesis?
The process by which the formed elements of blood develop.
What is the primary site of hemopoiesis?
Red bone marrow.
What is thrombopoietin?
TPO, is a hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes.
What does Erythropoietin?
EPO, increases the number of red blood cell precursors.
What are erythrocytes? red blood cells
What is the oxygen carrying protein?
Hemoglobin
In addition to oxygen, hemoglobin also carries carbon dioxide. What percentage of the total carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin and what happens to the remaining carbon dioxide?
23% of the carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin and the remaining is dissolved in plasma or carried as bicarbonate ions.
Besides transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, what else does hemoglobin play a role in? regulation of blood flow and blood pressure.
How long do RBC's live and why? about 120 days because of the wear and tear their plasma membranes undergo as they squeeze through blood capillaries.
What is erythropoiesis?
The production of RBC's
What is hypoxia? cellular oxygen deficiency
What are leukocytes? white blood cells
Which WBC's are included under granular leukocytes, agranular
leukocytes?
Granular - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Agranular - lymphocytes and monocytes.
What is leukocytosis? an increase in the number of WBC's.
What is leukopenia?
An abnormally low level of white blood cells.
What can cause leukopenia? radiation, shock, and certain chemoterapeutic agents.
Once pathogens enter the body, the general function of white blood cells is to combat them by what? phagocytosis or immune responses.
Which WBC responds most quickly to tissue destruction by bacteria? neutrophils. What does a high eosinophil count ofter indicate? allergic condition or a parasitic infection.
At sites of inflammation, basophils leave capillaries, enter tissues, and release granules that contain heparin, histamine, and serotonin. What do these substances do? they intensify the inflammatory reaction and are involved in hypersensitivity reactions.
What are three main types of lymphocytes?
B-cells, T-cells, and Natural Killer (NK) Cells
What are B-cells effective in? destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins.
What do T-cells do? attack viruses, fungi, transplanted, cancer cells, and some bacteria, and are responsible for transfusion reactions, allergies, and the rejection of transplanted organs.
Platelets help stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels by forming a what? platelet plug
Phagocytosis. Destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defensins, and strong oxidants.
Neutrophils
Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and destroy certain parasitic worms.
Eosinophils.
Liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify overall inflammatory response.
Basophil
Mediate immune responses, including antigen0antibody reactions. B cells develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies, T cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue cells. Natural killer cells attack wide variety of infectious microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells.
Lymphocytes
Phagocytosis (after transforming into fixed or wandering macrophages)
Monocytes
What is hemostasis? a sequence of responses that stops bleeding.
What are the three mechanisms that reduce blood loss?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug, and blood clotting (coagulation)
What is a vascular spasm? when arteries or arterioles are damaged, the circularly arranged smooth muscle in their walls contracts immediately.
What is serum?
The straw-colored liquid, the blood plasma minus the clotting proteins.
What is the clot?
The gel, it consists of a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin in which the formed element of blood are trapped.
What is thrombosis?
Clotting in an undamaged blood vessel.
Clotting is divided into how many stages?
Three.
Which pathway has fewer steps and occurs rapidly? extrinsic pathway.
Which pathway is more complex and occurs more slowly? intrinsic pathway.
What is included in the cardiovascular system? the blood, the heart, and blood vessels.
What is cardiology?
The scientific study of the normal heart and the diseases associated with.
Where does the heart lie?
In the mediastinum, an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm, and inbetween the lungs.
What is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart? pericardium What are the two main parts of the pericardium? the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.
What are the three layers that the wall of the heart consists of?
The epicardium, the myocardium, and the endocardium.
What is the function of the epicardium? it contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and vessels that supply the myocardium.
What is the function of the myocardium? it is responsible for the pumping action of the heart.
What is the function of the endocardium? minimizes the surface friction as blood passes though the heart.
What is an auricle?
A wrinkled pouchlike structure on the anterior surface of each atrium. They slightly increase the capacity of an atrium so that it can hold a greater volume of blood.
What is the coronary sulcus?
It encircles most of the heart and marks the external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles.
What is the anterior interventricular sulcus? a shallow groove on the anterior surface of the heart that marks the external boundary between the right and left ventricles. This sulcus continues around to the posterior surface of the heart and becomes the posterior interventricular sulcus.
What is the posterior interventricular sulcus?
A continuation of the interventricular sulcus that is on the posterior surface of the heart. It marks the external boundary between the ventricles on the posterior aspect of the heart.
What are the pectinate muscles?
Muscular ridges inside of the anterior wall of the heart.
What is the interatrial septum?
A thin partition between the right atrium and left atrium.
What is the fossa ovalis?
An oval depression on the interatrial septum. it is the remnant of the formaen ovale.
What is another name for the tricuspid valve?
The right atrioventricular valve.
What are traberulae carneae?
A series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers on the inside of the right ventricle.
What is the interventricular septum?
It internally separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.
What is another name from the bicuspid valve? mitral / left atrioventricular valve.
Which ventricle is the thickest? the left ventricle.
Why are the tricuspid and bicuspid valves named atrioventricular (AV) valves? because they are located between an atria and a ventricle.
Why are the aortic and pulmonary valves named semilunar valves? because they are made up of three crescent moon-shaped cusps.
How is back flow from the atria to the vessels minimized? being that there are no valves.
As the atrial muscle contracts, it compresses and nearly collapses the venous entry points.
In postnatal circulation, the heart pumps blood into two closed circuits, what are they?
Systemic circulation, and Pulmonary circulation.
What are the three functions of blood?
Transportation, Regulation, and Protection
What makes up the formed elements of the blood?
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells-
-Granular leukocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
-Agranular leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells, monocytes.
What is the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs?
Hematocrit
What is the normal range of hematocrit for adult females? Adult males? women:38-46% males: 40-54%
What does a significant drop in hematocrit indicate?
Anemia, a lower than normal number RBC's
What does an abnormally high percentage of RBC's indicate? polycythemia. What are causes of polycythemia? abnormal RBC production, tissue …show more content…
hypoxia, dehydration, and blood doping or the use of EPO by athletes.
What is hemopoiesis?
The process by which the formed elements of blood develop.
What is the primary site of hemopoiesis?
Red bone marrow.
What is thrombopoietin?
TPO, is a hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes.
What does Erythropoietin?
EPO, increases the number of red blood cell precursors.
What are erythrocytes? red blood cells
What is the oxygen carrying protein?
Hemoglobin
In addition to oxygen, hemoglobin also carries carbon dioxide. What percentage of the total carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin and what happens to the remaining carbon dioxide?
23% of the carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin and the remaining is dissolved in plasma or carried as bicarbonate ions.
Besides transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, what else does hemoglobin play a role in? regulation of blood flow and blood pressure.
How long do RBC's live and why? about 120 days because of the wear and tear their plasma membranes undergo as they squeeze through blood capillaries.
What is erythropoiesis?
The production of RBC's
What is hypoxia? cellular oxygen deficiency
What are leukocytes? white blood cells
Which WBC's are included under granular leukocytes, agranular
leukocytes?
Granular - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Agranular - lymphocytes and monocytes.
What is leukocytosis? an increase in the number of WBC's.
What is leukopenia?
An abnormally low level of white blood cells.
What can cause leukopenia? radiation, shock, and certain chemoterapeutic agents.
Once pathogens enter the body, the general function of white blood cells is to combat them by what? phagocytosis or immune responses.
Which WBC responds most quickly to tissue destruction by bacteria? neutrophils. What does a high eosinophil count ofter indicate? allergic condition or a parasitic infection.
At sites of inflammation, basophils leave capillaries, enter tissues, and release granules that contain heparin, histamine, and serotonin. What do these substances do? they intensify the inflammatory reaction and are involved in hypersensitivity reactions.
What are three main types of lymphocytes?
B-cells, T-cells, and Natural Killer (NK) Cells
What are B-cells effective in? destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins.
What do T-cells do? attack viruses, fungi, transplanted, cancer cells, and some bacteria, and are responsible for transfusion reactions, allergies, and the rejection of transplanted organs.
Platelets help stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels by forming a what? platelet plug
Phagocytosis. Destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defensins, and strong oxidants.
Neutrophils
Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and destroy certain parasitic worms.
Eosinophils.
Liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify overall inflammatory response.
Basophil
Mediate immune responses, including antigen0antibody reactions. B cells develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies, T cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue cells. Natural killer cells attack wide variety of infectious microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells.
Lymphocytes
Phagocytosis (after transforming into fixed or wandering macrophages)
Monocytes
What is hemostasis? a sequence of responses that stops bleeding.
What are the three mechanisms that reduce blood loss?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug, and blood clotting (coagulation)
What is a vascular spasm? when arteries or arterioles are damaged, the circularly arranged smooth muscle in their walls contracts immediately.
What is serum?
The straw-colored liquid, the blood plasma minus the clotting proteins.
What is the clot?
The gel, it consists of a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin in which the formed element of blood are trapped.
What is thrombosis?
Clotting in an undamaged blood vessel.
Clotting is divided into how many stages?
Three.
Which pathway has fewer steps and occurs rapidly? extrinsic pathway.
Which pathway is more complex and occurs more slowly? intrinsic pathway.
What is included in the cardiovascular system? the blood, the heart, and blood vessels.
What is cardiology?
The scientific study of the normal heart and the diseases associated with.
Where does the heart lie?
In the mediastinum, an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm, and inbetween the lungs.
What is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart? pericardium What are the two main parts of the pericardium? the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.
What are the three layers that the wall of the heart consists of?
The epicardium, the myocardium, and the endocardium.
What is the function of the epicardium? it contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and vessels that supply the myocardium.
What is the function of the myocardium? it is responsible for the pumping action of the heart.
What is the function of the endocardium? minimizes the surface friction as blood passes though the heart.
What is an auricle?
A wrinkled pouchlike structure on the anterior surface of each atrium. They slightly increase the capacity of an atrium so that it can hold a greater volume of blood.
What is the coronary sulcus?
It encircles most of the heart and marks the external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles.
What is the anterior interventricular sulcus? a shallow groove on the anterior surface of the heart that marks the external boundary between the right and left ventricles. This sulcus continues around to the posterior surface of the heart and becomes the posterior interventricular sulcus.
What is the posterior interventricular sulcus?
A continuation of the interventricular sulcus that is on the posterior surface of the heart. It marks the external boundary between the ventricles on the posterior aspect of the heart.
What are the pectinate muscles?
Muscular ridges inside of the anterior wall of the heart.
What is the interatrial septum?
A thin partition between the right atrium and left atrium.
What is the fossa ovalis?
An oval depression on the interatrial septum. it is the remnant of the formaen ovale.
What is another name for the tricuspid valve?
The right atrioventricular valve.
What are traberulae carneae?
A series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers on the inside of the right ventricle.
What is the interventricular septum?
It internally separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.
What is another name from the bicuspid valve? mitral / left atrioventricular valve.
Which ventricle is the thickest? the left ventricle.
Why are the tricuspid and bicuspid valves named atrioventricular (AV) valves? because they are located between an atria and a ventricle.
Why are the aortic and pulmonary valves named semilunar valves? because they are made up of three crescent moon-shaped cusps.
How is back flow from the atria to the vessels minimized? being that there are no valves.
As the atrial muscle contracts, it compresses and nearly collapses the venous entry points.
In postnatal circulation, the heart pumps blood into two closed circuits, what are they?
Systemic circulation, and Pulmonary circulation.