Unit 5 P1 Research Paper
Unit 5, P1: outline the functions of the main cell components
Cell structure Functions of a human cell:
Nucleus- Regulates all activity as it contains the instructions of the cell.
Mitochondria- Creates energy for the cell by breaking down nutrients. This is called cellular respiration.
Cytoplasm – semi-fluid that allows chemical reactions to take place and helps materials move around the cell. It is mainly made up of water and also contains enzymes, salts and organelles.
Ribosomes- Produce proteins and is usually found in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Cell membrane- It protects the interior of the cell by controlling what goes in out of the cell.
Golgi apparatus – Collects simple molecules to combine them together …show more content…
and produce more complex molecules.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - Is a folded membrane that moves material around the cell. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it, which make proteins which will be used in and out of the cell.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - Produces lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. Cells which discharge these products, for example in the testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands have a great amount of SER.
Lysosomes- Are found in the cytoplasm. They are organelles containing a large range of digestive enzymes used for digestion and removal of excess or worn- out organelles, food particles and engulfed viruses or bacteria. (Breaks down and digest waste)
Bibliography
Picture: http://www.shutterstock.com/s/human+cell/search.html http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/ss/endoplasmic-reticulum.htm Unit 5, P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body
Tissues are ‘’an aggregate of cells in an organism that have similar structure and function.’’(Biology online, 2014). There are four main types of tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.
The Small intestine is a long tube which runs from the stomach to the anus. Its function is the “chemical digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into your blood” (Bbc.co.uk, 2014). The small intestine is made up of columnar epithelial, connective areolar and smooth muscle tissue. The columnar epithelial tissue is tightly packed together and does not have a direct blood supply. Its function is to absorb all nutrients that enter the body. The connective areolar tissue’s cells are widespread and produces collagen fibres that are very strong and also they hold everything together. Their function is to hold the different layers of other tissue together. Lastly, the smooth muscle tissue appear to look like eyes, as they only have one nucleus per cell. They are involuntary because you can’t control these muscles. Their function is to move food along.
The skin “is one of the largest organs in the body in surface area and weight. The skin consists of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis. Beneath the dermis lies the hypodermis or subcutaneous fatty tissue. The skin has three main functions: protection, regulation and sensation. ” (Clinimed.co.uk, 2014). The skin is layered with various tissues such as the, stratified epithelial, connective areolar, adipose/fatty and striated skeletal muscle. Stratified epithelial tissue, means many layers, it is closely packed together and doesn’t have any blood supply. The first layer of cells is dead skin cells which is followed by living skin cells. The function of the stratified epithelial tissue is to protect the skin from micro-organism and sun rays. Connective areolar tissue have cells that are widespread which produce fibres that hold the whole thing together. The adipose/ fatty tissue resemble white creamy blobs. They push the organelles to the edge. Then function of the fatty tissue is to keep the body warm. Striated skeletal muscle is striped and has some cells that have more than one nucleus. It is voluntary, because you can control it. Its function is to move the body.
Bibliography
Bbc.co.uk, (2014). BBC Science & Nature - Human Body and Mind - Organ Layer. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/smallintestine/small_intestine.shtml [Accessed 16 Nov. 2014].
Clinimed.co.uk, (2014). Structure and Function of the Skin. [online] Available at: http://www.clinimed.co.uk/Wound-Care/Education/Wound-Essentials/Structure-and-Function-of-the-Skin.aspx [Accessed 16 Nov. 2014].
Biology online.org [2014] Tissue (online) available at: http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Tissues[Accessed 23/10/14]
Unit 5 P3: outline the gross structure of all the main body systems
In this assignment I will be looking at the gross structure of ten body systems and their functions.
These are the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, renal, nervous, endocrine, reproductive- male and female, lymphatic and immune.
The cardiovascular system (CVS)
The main parts of the cardiovascular system are the heart, blood and the blood vessels (arteries and veins). The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body. The function of the blood is to supply nutrients and oxygen to the cell. The blood vessels (arteries and veins) role is to transport blood to and from the heart. However, the general function of CVS is to remove waste products such as CO2 and protect the body, for example the white blood cells in the body. “It also distributes heat around the body and assists in temperature regulation and helps regulate water.”
The respiratory system
The respiratory system maintains oxygen supply to cells and removes CO2 and water from the body. The main parts of the respiratory system is the trachea(windpipe), lungs bronchioles,nose, bronchi, muscle and mouth. Breathing provides oxygen for our bodies and humans need this to sustain. Respiration takes place in the lungs, oxgen enters the nose /mouth then passes through the sinuses (hallow place) which regulates temperature and humidity of the air we breathe. The trachea filters air that is …show more content…
inhaled.
The digestive system
The main parts of the digestive system is the mouth, Esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, small and large intestine and the rectum. The function of the digestive system is to reduce complex food molecules to simple substances capable of being absorbed and it removes undigested waste at intervals. The liver is the main producer of important chemicals.
The renal system
The urinary system is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Blood from the heart travels down the aorta where it enters the kidney via the renal arteries. The kidney acts as a filter and regulator, removing waste products (urea) and balancing glucose, electrolytes (salt, potassium and other minerals) and water levels in the blood. Urine from the kidney flows through the ureter to the bladder, where is leaves the body via the urethra. The function of the kidney is to clean the body. The ureters transport urine from the kidney to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it’s full.
The nervous system
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system, cranial and spinal nerves and the peripheral nervous system. This system is responsible for everything we do, such as breathing, walking, feeling and thinking. “A chain of ganglia runs close to the spinal cord and is associated with the autonomic nervous system, which controls internal organs. Autonomic nerve fibres are also contain within the peripheral nerves.” (Aldworth, 2010)
The endocrine system
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones. The pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus glands release hormones into the blood stream which transports hormones to the organs and tissues.
The reproductive system
Men and women have different sex organs which work together for sexual reproduction. The male reproductive system contains testes, glands, sperm ducts, urethra and a penis. However, the female reproductive system consist of ovaries, cervix, vagina, fallopian tube and the uterus.
The female reproductive system – produces egg cells for reproduction, called the ova. The function of this system is to transport the ova to get fertilized. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes, where the egg meets the sperm. When the egg is fertilized it then implants into the uterus walls to begin the pregnancy stage.
The male reproductive system- the function of this system is to maintain, produce and transport semen and sperm. Also it is supposed to discharge sperm inside of the female reproduction system to fertilise the egg and contribute to reproduction. Unlike the female version, the male reproductive system is located outside the body.
Lymphatic system “The lymphatic system is a series of vessels throughout the body that drain fluid from tissues.
Bacteria and other microbes are picked up in the lymphatic fluid and trapped inside lymph nodes, where they can be attacked and destroyed by white blood cells.”(Better Health Channel, 2014) This system is a part of the circulatory system. Limitations of this system is that it can cause glandular fever, Hodgkin’s disease, swelling and tonsillitis. The function of this system is to transport lymph fluid, which contains white blood cells that get rids of toxins and waste.
The musculo-skeletal system
This system is constructed of bones such as, joints, tendons, ligaments, skeletal muscles, nerves, cartilage, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage. There are five main functions of the bones, these include:
Providing support for the body, storing minerals and lipids, producing blood cells, protecting body organs and providing power and movement. “Striated muscle fibres are bound together to form muscles that pull bones into different positions by contracting.” (Aldworth, 2010) The immune system
The main function of this system is to protect the body against infections and diseases. The major components of the immune system is the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, lymphocytes, thymus, and leukocytes. Common symptoms that show that the immune system is not functioning properly are fever and
fatigue.
Bibliography
Aldworth, C. (2010). Health & social care. London: Pearson.
Better Health Channel, (2014). Lymphatic system - Better Health Channel. [online] Available at: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Lymphatic_system [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014].
Cell structure Functions of a human cell:
Nucleus- Regulates all activity as it contains the instructions of the cell.
Mitochondria- Creates energy for the cell by breaking down nutrients. This is called cellular respiration.
Cytoplasm – semi-fluid that allows chemical reactions to take place and helps materials move around the cell. It is mainly made up of water and also contains enzymes, salts and organelles.
Ribosomes- Produce proteins and is usually found in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Cell membrane- It protects the interior of the cell by controlling what goes in out of the cell.
Golgi apparatus – Collects simple molecules to combine them together …show more content…
and produce more complex molecules.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - Is a folded membrane that moves material around the cell. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it, which make proteins which will be used in and out of the cell.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - Produces lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. Cells which discharge these products, for example in the testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands have a great amount of SER.
Lysosomes- Are found in the cytoplasm. They are organelles containing a large range of digestive enzymes used for digestion and removal of excess or worn- out organelles, food particles and engulfed viruses or bacteria. (Breaks down and digest waste)
Bibliography
Picture: http://www.shutterstock.com/s/human+cell/search.html http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/ss/endoplasmic-reticulum.htm Unit 5, P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body
Tissues are ‘’an aggregate of cells in an organism that have similar structure and function.’’(Biology online, 2014). There are four main types of tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.
The Small intestine is a long tube which runs from the stomach to the anus. Its function is the “chemical digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into your blood” (Bbc.co.uk, 2014). The small intestine is made up of columnar epithelial, connective areolar and smooth muscle tissue. The columnar epithelial tissue is tightly packed together and does not have a direct blood supply. Its function is to absorb all nutrients that enter the body. The connective areolar tissue’s cells are widespread and produces collagen fibres that are very strong and also they hold everything together. Their function is to hold the different layers of other tissue together. Lastly, the smooth muscle tissue appear to look like eyes, as they only have one nucleus per cell. They are involuntary because you can’t control these muscles. Their function is to move food along.
The skin “is one of the largest organs in the body in surface area and weight. The skin consists of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis. Beneath the dermis lies the hypodermis or subcutaneous fatty tissue. The skin has three main functions: protection, regulation and sensation. ” (Clinimed.co.uk, 2014). The skin is layered with various tissues such as the, stratified epithelial, connective areolar, adipose/fatty and striated skeletal muscle. Stratified epithelial tissue, means many layers, it is closely packed together and doesn’t have any blood supply. The first layer of cells is dead skin cells which is followed by living skin cells. The function of the stratified epithelial tissue is to protect the skin from micro-organism and sun rays. Connective areolar tissue have cells that are widespread which produce fibres that hold the whole thing together. The adipose/ fatty tissue resemble white creamy blobs. They push the organelles to the edge. Then function of the fatty tissue is to keep the body warm. Striated skeletal muscle is striped and has some cells that have more than one nucleus. It is voluntary, because you can control it. Its function is to move the body.
Bibliography
Bbc.co.uk, (2014). BBC Science & Nature - Human Body and Mind - Organ Layer. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/smallintestine/small_intestine.shtml [Accessed 16 Nov. 2014].
Clinimed.co.uk, (2014). Structure and Function of the Skin. [online] Available at: http://www.clinimed.co.uk/Wound-Care/Education/Wound-Essentials/Structure-and-Function-of-the-Skin.aspx [Accessed 16 Nov. 2014].
Biology online.org [2014] Tissue (online) available at: http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Tissues[Accessed 23/10/14]
Unit 5 P3: outline the gross structure of all the main body systems
In this assignment I will be looking at the gross structure of ten body systems and their functions.
These are the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, renal, nervous, endocrine, reproductive- male and female, lymphatic and immune.
The cardiovascular system (CVS)
The main parts of the cardiovascular system are the heart, blood and the blood vessels (arteries and veins). The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body. The function of the blood is to supply nutrients and oxygen to the cell. The blood vessels (arteries and veins) role is to transport blood to and from the heart. However, the general function of CVS is to remove waste products such as CO2 and protect the body, for example the white blood cells in the body. “It also distributes heat around the body and assists in temperature regulation and helps regulate water.”
The respiratory system
The respiratory system maintains oxygen supply to cells and removes CO2 and water from the body. The main parts of the respiratory system is the trachea(windpipe), lungs bronchioles,nose, bronchi, muscle and mouth. Breathing provides oxygen for our bodies and humans need this to sustain. Respiration takes place in the lungs, oxgen enters the nose /mouth then passes through the sinuses (hallow place) which regulates temperature and humidity of the air we breathe. The trachea filters air that is …show more content…
inhaled.
The digestive system
The main parts of the digestive system is the mouth, Esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, small and large intestine and the rectum. The function of the digestive system is to reduce complex food molecules to simple substances capable of being absorbed and it removes undigested waste at intervals. The liver is the main producer of important chemicals.
The renal system
The urinary system is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Blood from the heart travels down the aorta where it enters the kidney via the renal arteries. The kidney acts as a filter and regulator, removing waste products (urea) and balancing glucose, electrolytes (salt, potassium and other minerals) and water levels in the blood. Urine from the kidney flows through the ureter to the bladder, where is leaves the body via the urethra. The function of the kidney is to clean the body. The ureters transport urine from the kidney to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it’s full.
The nervous system
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system, cranial and spinal nerves and the peripheral nervous system. This system is responsible for everything we do, such as breathing, walking, feeling and thinking. “A chain of ganglia runs close to the spinal cord and is associated with the autonomic nervous system, which controls internal organs. Autonomic nerve fibres are also contain within the peripheral nerves.” (Aldworth, 2010)
The endocrine system
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones. The pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus glands release hormones into the blood stream which transports hormones to the organs and tissues.
The reproductive system
Men and women have different sex organs which work together for sexual reproduction. The male reproductive system contains testes, glands, sperm ducts, urethra and a penis. However, the female reproductive system consist of ovaries, cervix, vagina, fallopian tube and the uterus.
The female reproductive system – produces egg cells for reproduction, called the ova. The function of this system is to transport the ova to get fertilized. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes, where the egg meets the sperm. When the egg is fertilized it then implants into the uterus walls to begin the pregnancy stage.
The male reproductive system- the function of this system is to maintain, produce and transport semen and sperm. Also it is supposed to discharge sperm inside of the female reproduction system to fertilise the egg and contribute to reproduction. Unlike the female version, the male reproductive system is located outside the body.
Lymphatic system “The lymphatic system is a series of vessels throughout the body that drain fluid from tissues.
Bacteria and other microbes are picked up in the lymphatic fluid and trapped inside lymph nodes, where they can be attacked and destroyed by white blood cells.”(Better Health Channel, 2014) This system is a part of the circulatory system. Limitations of this system is that it can cause glandular fever, Hodgkin’s disease, swelling and tonsillitis. The function of this system is to transport lymph fluid, which contains white blood cells that get rids of toxins and waste.
The musculo-skeletal system
This system is constructed of bones such as, joints, tendons, ligaments, skeletal muscles, nerves, cartilage, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage. There are five main functions of the bones, these include:
Providing support for the body, storing minerals and lipids, producing blood cells, protecting body organs and providing power and movement. “Striated muscle fibres are bound together to form muscles that pull bones into different positions by contracting.” (Aldworth, 2010) The immune system
The main function of this system is to protect the body against infections and diseases. The major components of the immune system is the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, lymphocytes, thymus, and leukocytes. Common symptoms that show that the immune system is not functioning properly are fever and
fatigue.
Bibliography
Aldworth, C. (2010). Health & social care. London: Pearson.
Better Health Channel, (2014). Lymphatic system - Better Health Channel. [online] Available at: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Lymphatic_system [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014].