Albert is a nine month old boy who was subject to emotional testing. He went through a series of pretesting and was eventually introduced to a white rat. Albert initially had no fear of the rat but every time he would reach out to touch it he heard the sound of a hammer hitting a steel bar. The tests eventually led to the following results: First they introduced the banging of the steel bar (unconditioned stimuli) causing fear (unconditioned response) in Albert. They then introduced a white rat to Albert who initially had no fear of the rat. Every time Albert reached out to touch the rat the loud banging was heard, which eventually resulted in Albert being afraid to touch the rat. Finally they introduced just the rat (conditioned stimulus) without the loud banging still caused fear (conditioned response) in Albert.…
8. Calcareous ooze is associated with ________ surface water conditions, and siliceous ooze is associated with ________ surface water conditions.…
* Conditioning comes from Pavlov’s determination to discover the “conditions” that produce this kind of learning…
Psychologists found an unconditioned stimulus for Albert which was a loud noise, this was his unconditioned response of fear. They then placed a white rat in with Albert (he wasn’t scared of it) and played they noise every time the rat was near. By doing this Albert created a new stimulus response link by associating the rat with the fear which the noise elicited. The rat was a conditioned stimulus and fear was the conditioned response.…
Individuals may change their behaviours due to certain aspects, for example; a young boy may have a fear of dogs and because of this they may not want to go to school or go and play out in the park because they may fear that they will encounter a dog. Another example of this would be if an old woman had a fear of going out (agoraphobia), and due to the fact that this fear dominates her life she gets depression. Thanks to classical conditioning an individual’s behaviour can be changed so that they can then overcome their phobia.…
Successive introductions of a rat (conditioned stimulus) resulted in fear (conditioned response). Here, learning is demonstrated.…
The apparatus used in the experiment was a white laboratory rat, a hammer and a steel bar. The experimental design used was independent- groups design. The outcome of the experiment was unfinished as Albert’s mother pulled him out of the experiment as she moved towns. As Albert’s mother was not fully aware of the experiment on using her son on conditioning a fear response. Watson and Rayner had apparently demonstrated that a fear can sometimes result from learning.…
Learning initiates a multitude of definitions from basic to intricate but regardless of the variations it is simply the acquisition of knowledge. As such learning occurs in connection with the many experiences an individual encounters throughout his or her lifespan. Experiences include exposure and interactions to various stimuli, such as a loud noise or an approaching animal. Thus a stimulus can be an object, an action, or an individual perceived as starting a response. In turn a response to a stimuli triggers the acquisition of knowledge about the world around the individual causing him or her to perceive positive and negative experiences and learn from each stimuli encounter. Therefore, the majority of human as well as animal behavior is learned from such responses to various stimuli and is defined as simple stimulus learning. As such the following evaluation explains simple stimulus learning in the form of habituation as well as identifying the factors affecting perceptual learning, the effects of stimulus exposure, and the application to real life situations.…
A process of behavior modification in which a subject learns to respond in a desired manner such that a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) is repeatedly presented in association with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) that elicits a natural response (the unconditioned response) until the neutral stimulus alone elicits the same response (now called the conditioned response). For example, in Pavlov's experiments, food is the unconditioned stimulus that produces salivation, a reflex or unconditioned response. The bell is the conditioned stimulus, which eventually produces salivation in the absence of food. This salivation is the conditioned response…
It is a nice spring day. A father takes his baby out for a walk. The baby reaches over to touch a pink flower and is badly stung by the bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the baby 's mother brings home some pink flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. The baby cries loudly as soon as she sees the pink flower. The baby 's panic at the sight of the pink flower illustrates the learning process of classical conditioning. "Classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response (Santrock, p.147)."…
The idea of classical condition is one of the most notable learning techniques because it involves a stimulus rewarded for a certain response. Naturally, animals and human have unconditioned stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response. The most common connection is the correlation between food and salivation. Food naturally draws organism to it in order to satisfy a drive created by hunger to acquire homeostasis. A response is created because of the organism’s reaction to food, which is usually salivation. Classical conditioning is considered an effective way to train an organism to learn habits not naturally associated with certain unconditioned stimulus. This creates a conditioned stimulus. The once unconditioned response is now conditioned to respond to the conditioned stimulus, which is called a conditioned stimulus. An example of conditioned stimulus and response is the example of associating the school bell with food. Children are hungry by nature, but when the school bell is added, the children are reinforced to associate the school bell with lunchtime. Classical…
Using an eight-month old little boy named Albert;Watson hit a steel rod and got a fearful reaction from Little Albert. Every time the rod was struck they would show him a white rat. After just seven times of striking the rod and showing him the rat, they were able to just show Albert the white rat and get a fearful response. Albert also showed a generalization of his conditioned response by reacting fearfully to other white furry items (Meyer, 2001). With the results of this experiment, Watson concluded that adult fears and phobias must be simple conditioned responses that we established when we were very young and they have stayed with us throughout our…
A phobia can be developed in classical conditioning when you produce a fear tactic with it. Like the example with Little Albert. At the age he was he wasn’t afraid of the rabbit, dog, or any of the other things they put in front of him. When they kept hitting the pole behind him scaring him over and over he then associated that scary sound with the object in front of him. He also turned on anything that looked like that object.…
can persist and modify the behaviors of a person throughout his or her life (Wood, Wood, &…
In 1889, a psychologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov began experimenting with dogs to study digestion by measuring their saliva. He discovered that the dogs “predicted” the arrival of food, leading to salivation. Although he is famous for his work on digestive psychology, he is known for his early impact on behavioral psychology. He described that there were things such as a neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response. A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest. An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that brings about a response without having been learned. An unconditioned response is a natural, innate, response that is not associated with learning. After conditioning it becomes a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response. A conditioned stimulus is a natural stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by an unconditioned stimulus. A conditioned response is a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously natural stimulus. This is called classical conditioning. Below are a few examples.…