Vitamin and Dietary Requirement
Vitamins and Minerals
General Concepts: * Divided into two major groups: fat soluble and water soluble * fat soluble: A, D, E, K * requirements vary with species, size, growth rate, environment (temperature, presence of toxins, etc.) and metabolic function (growth, stress response, disease resistance) * many species can utilize intestinal bacteria synthesis for meeting vitamin requirements
Vitamin A: retinol
* Can only be found intact in animal sources * in its natural form, it is alcohol known as retinol * also isolated from various lipids and beta carotene * 1 beta carotene (plants) = 2 retinols (body) * stored in the liver * retinol + opsin (protein) = rhodopsin (vision) * deficiency = improper growth, exophthalmia * feeds contain non-oxidizable form, proper storage * requirement level = 1,000 I.U. (international units) * sources: fish oils
Vitamin D3: cholecalciferol
* Vitamin D found as ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3) * most land animals can use both, except chickens (only D3) * fish appear to use only D3 * both activated in plants/animal skin by UV radiation * D3 primarily used as precursor for calcium regulation
Vitamin E: tocopherol
* Active form is alpha tocopherol * good antioxidant: most feed antioxidants have vit E activity, but only 1/6 that of -tocopherol * antioxidants used to prevent oxidation of lipids (mainly phospholipids) * requirement is to selenium deficiency (Se is cofactor in glutathione peroxidase) * deficiency in fish = muscular dystrophy, reduced fertility * increased dietary requirement in absence of vitamin E * requirement: 50-100 mg/kg for fish/shrimp * sources: alfalfa meal, fish meal, rice bran, wheat , barley grains
Vitamin K: menadione * Originally identified as a fat-soluble factor required for
General Concepts: * Divided into two major groups: fat soluble and water soluble * fat soluble: A, D, E, K * requirements vary with species, size, growth rate, environment (temperature, presence of toxins, etc.) and metabolic function (growth, stress response, disease resistance) * many species can utilize intestinal bacteria synthesis for meeting vitamin requirements
Vitamin A: retinol
* Can only be found intact in animal sources * in its natural form, it is alcohol known as retinol * also isolated from various lipids and beta carotene * 1 beta carotene (plants) = 2 retinols (body) * stored in the liver * retinol + opsin (protein) = rhodopsin (vision) * deficiency = improper growth, exophthalmia * feeds contain non-oxidizable form, proper storage * requirement level = 1,000 I.U. (international units) * sources: fish oils
Vitamin D3: cholecalciferol
* Vitamin D found as ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3) * most land animals can use both, except chickens (only D3) * fish appear to use only D3 * both activated in plants/animal skin by UV radiation * D3 primarily used as precursor for calcium regulation
Vitamin E: tocopherol
* Active form is alpha tocopherol * good antioxidant: most feed antioxidants have vit E activity, but only 1/6 that of -tocopherol * antioxidants used to prevent oxidation of lipids (mainly phospholipids) * requirement is to selenium deficiency (Se is cofactor in glutathione peroxidase) * deficiency in fish = muscular dystrophy, reduced fertility * increased dietary requirement in absence of vitamin E * requirement: 50-100 mg/kg for fish/shrimp * sources: alfalfa meal, fish meal, rice bran, wheat , barley grains
Vitamin K: menadione * Originally identified as a fat-soluble factor required for