Water Problem in Bangladesh

Acceptance and Use of Eight Arsenic-Safe Drinking
Water Options in Bangladesh
Jennifer Inauen1*, Mohammad Mojahidul Hossain1, Richard B. Johnston2, Hans-Joachim Mosler1
¨
1 Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Department of System Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling, Dubendorf, Switzerland,
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2 Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec), Dubendorf, Switzerland

Abstract
Arsenic contamination of drinking water is a serious public health threat. In Bangladesh, eight major safe water options provide an alternative to contaminated shallow tubewells: piped water supply, deep tubewells, pond sand filters, community arsenic-removal, household arsenic removal, dug wells, well-sharing, and rainwater harvesting. However, it is uncertain how well these options are accepted and used by the at-risk population. Based on the RANAS model (risk, attitudes, norms, ability, and self-regulation) this study aimed to identify the acceptance and use of available safe water options. Cross-sectional face-to-face interviews were used to survey 1,268 households in Bangladesh in November 2009
(n = 872), and December 2010 (n = 396). The questionnaire assessed water consumption, acceptance factors from the RANAS model, and socioeconomic factors. Although all respondents had access to at least one arsenic-safe drinking water option, only 62.1% of participants were currently using these alternatives. The most regularly used options were household arsenic removal filters (92.9%) and piped water supply (85.6%). However, the former result may be positively biased due to high refusal rates of household filter owners. The least used option was household rainwater harvesting (36.6%). Those who reported not using an arsenic-safe source differed in terms of numerous acceptance factors from those who reported using arsenic-safe sources: non-users were

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