In Ltr. Rul 20028806, the shareholders of a corporation owned, managed, and operated country club were given discounts for the use of the club’s facilities. The club was located in a community where both non shareholders and shareholders resided. Shareholders received discounts on membership dues as well as other incentives inside the club. Taxpayer requested a letter ruling on whether or not the discounts received constitute as constructive dividends received. The IRS indeed ruled the discounts received by the taxpayer constituted as constructive dividends under section 316 and the distribution applied to section 301.…
Opposed to popular belief, the prosperity of that era didn’t extend to all citizens. Many of the Black American citizens didn’t have the privilege to move to the Northern cities which meant they had to continue living an unpleasant reality that was influenced by their segregated environment . Jim Crow Laws continued to subjugate Blacks into being strictly inferior and in essence, oppressed. A court case that heavily impacted society during the 1950s is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas which went against the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson (“separate but equal”) and deemed the segregation in public schools as “ unlawful and unconstitutional” . Due to the South being very resistant to this new mentality, Southern Senators signed the…
Jim Crows laws enforced racial segregation in the south of the USA between the end of reconstruction which was during the Civil War in 1877 and also during the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950’s. Jim Crow is a minstrel routine that was performed in the beginning of 1828 by its author. In the late 1870’s Southern Legislatures passed laws requiring separation of whites from “persons of colour” in schools and public transportation. The segregation was then extended to parks, cemeteries, theaters, and restaurants. This was to prevent whites and blacks to being equal. In 1887 to 1892 nine states (one was louisiana) which they passed laws requiring separation in public. This included railroads, and streetcars. These laws affected…
How and why were Jim Crow laws invented, how did they affect america during the Depression Era, and how did they affect modern day america. How were Jim Crow laws invented? Jim Crow laws were invented in 1877 to divide white people from black people and make sure the made as little contact as possible. They were named after “a white man’s imitation of a dancing and singing black stableman. As a result, the white performers gave the name to a system of segregation in the South.”…
The Jim Crow laws were racial laws mostly against blacks; they promoted racial discrimination. Laws like colored sat in the back of vehicles, colored had a different water fountain, and colored people could not vote, or live in certain areas. The Jim Crow laws were more than laws, they were a way of life for some whites. It was a way of life that saw blacks as inferior beings. Even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were passed, did it really help rid our nation of prejudice? The way I see it, racism is everywhere in the criminal justice system. Maybe it is not as “in-your-face” easy to see, but the racism is there and the book, The New Jim Crow helps show how this racial phenomena is happening.…
I am writing in regards to your current discrimination policy. I understand that you believe that Dondre Green should not be able to play in the golf tournament because he is black. However, your policy is not justified because Jim Crow Laws was already over in the 1990s, black people are not being treated equal, and competing in the tournament was Dondre Green’s “pursuit of happiness.”…
After reading and listening to the racism pieces I can conclude that racism was a huge problem that lead to unfair punishments and rules towards a certain group. Whites were very racist towards African Americans. Meaning they did not treat them the same and made ridiculous laws against them. The Jim Crow Laws would be an example of ridiculous laws. The set of laws restricted Blacks from many things, like going to the same school as whites or communicating with whites. A few reasons why there was racism between blacks and whites was because they had a different skin color. Also, Whites did not want to have diverse power or share power with the African Americans (Schaefer). Other reasons why White Americans were racist was because they wanted…
The Southern Poverty Law Center, otherwise known as SPLC, is a civil rights organization here in the United States that helps slay racism, hate groups, discrimination and injustice meant to harm and dehumanize people. (www.SPLCenter.org) Founded in 1971 by civil rights activist and attorney Morris Dees, SPLC has continued to flourish in its promise to ensure equality and justice for all. The power force behind this leadership is a great team of board members, program staffers and civil right lawyers who fight for the exploited, abused and forgotten. Together they have formed an unbreakable ring and have triumphed continuously, winning lawsuits in defending workers whose rights had been violated and children who were being exploited. In efforts to raise awareness of social inequality and racism and to help encourage others to stand against it, their website offers direct links to a “Hate Map”, in which hate group organizations are located, as well as a “Hate Incident” report that lets viewers read about recent hate crimes in their area. They have gone as far as bankrupting one of the nation’s most notorious hate groups. This is a civil rights movement happening right now and the homepage of their website emphasizes so, with the current events headings flashing by slowly, depicting high scale photos, suggesting to the headlines of current events taking place this second. The Southern Poverty Law Center website provides an easy to navigate interface designed to help involve, educate and raise awareness of discrimination and injustice to civil rights supporters.…
For more than half of the 20th Century, American society was segregated. Segregation laws and restrictions were made and carried out by white society denying African Americans of their civil rights. They could not be equal participants in social, economic or political life. Blacks and whites were separated in schools, churches, transportation, public restrooms, theatres and restaurants. Not only in community affairs but the battle field for quality extended to playing fields, courts and sports arenas. Through sports, African American athletes fought their way through barriers of white…
Over the past half century the United States have gone through all sorts of changes. Supposedly segregation has ended between Whites and minorities. Changes that have happened, is the election of this country’s first African American President. We have an African American Chief Justice just to mention a couple. Although several departments within the criminal justice department believe it is still okay to judge individuals on their color of skin. The hypothesis here is racial prejudice in our criminal justice system which has formed the racial disparities that are present and that racial impartiality within the system is unlikely. So let’s ask some questions: What is it that gives an officer the right or privilege to pull over and stop a minority depending on the type of vehicle they are driving? Are they feeling that they are doing something illegal or wrong? Within our signed Declaration of Independence which has freed the Americans from the domination by the British, the Declaration mentions that all men have rights and that no individual will or can take from them. Every American has these rights regardless of their skin color. If the Declaration states that all men are equal and free then why does racial disparity exist in the United States. Our government was built by our forefathers who wanted everything to be equal and fair for all. So, by saying this why does our governments criminal justice system goes against all of this by letting or allowing these departments use racial disparity for purposes to gain the upper hand? “Racial profiling occurs when a police officer stops, questions, arrests, and/or searches someone solely on the basis of the person’s race or ethnicity.”(Cleary, 2000). The effort within this essay is to shed some light on the negativity that is brought on the minorities and the affects that are caused with racial disparity. Reverend Jesse Jackson Sr. states that “Driving while Black, (DWB)” (Nelson, Paul, Block Jr. & Brown-Dean, 2004).…
Segregation was a big topic during the civil rights movement. Schools, bathrooms, buses, and more were with color separations. The children weren't allowed to be friends with just anyone they saw. Whites had to be with whites and colored with colored. Additionally, throughout time marches were held during the civil rights movements. These marches contained while children and colored children protesting with the tactics of a non-violent protest to provoke Birmingham civic and business leaders to agree to desegregate.The next important topic during the civil right movement was child labor. In an era when one-sixth of children over ten worked for wages, child labor became a central concern of social reformers. Many states enacted legislation to give some protection to children, such as limiting them to a 10-hour day.…
With the old Jim Crow African American were segregated, but now with the new Jim Crow African American, Latinos and low income people are being targeted and lose he citizenship "rights". Meaning that if this people commit a crime and have record or are convicted as a felon the rights are taken away. For example, their right to vote, their right to get a good job, or even housing. There basic needs for life are taken away from them. The government takes some part of their rights as a punishment, for committing a felony.…
In the United States hate crimes has been an issue to where it should be taken seriously. ‘’Hate crimes and bias motivated crimes …’’ involve crimes that are related to violence which are motivated by…’’ prejudice against a victims race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or disability’’(Langton, Planty). Throughout history people who were involved in hate crimes were known as the KKK, the League of the South, Aryan nations and much more. Not only has it been a problem in the past but gradually continues to evolve into a bigger problem. Through these tensions of hate crimes against one another, people have ended up brutalized, or sometimes beaten to death. Minorities from different places of the world have been experiencing hate crimes in the United States due to the difference race, sexual orientation and religion.…
Hate crime is an offense such as murder and torture that contains an element of bias as to why it took place. “56.9% of hates crimes that have taken place are due to race and ethnicity” (Racial Justice). Since origination America has had racial discrimination taking place. Hate crimes have been around since before World War 1 and racial instability and profiling continues to still play a large role in America’s characterization today (Omi). Although some believe that America has sufficiently progressed over time, inequality, racial injustice, and hate crimes still take place, and in order to ensure a better future for the youth and ensure equality for all, citizens must raise awareness about these issues and unite in speaking out against them.…
Private properties had formerly segregated neighborhoods long before the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) contributed to the suburbanization of whites. Property owners and builders prohibited future house resales to African-Americans by positioning an infinite number of barriers. Advocators for these barriers genuinely believed that racial exclusions would further improve their property values. However, conversely, in 1948, the Supreme Court ruled that private properties could not rely on the power of the government to enforce segregation upon African-Americans and other minority groups. Because of this, the FHA and other federal organizations avoided the ruling thus allowing state and local segregation for more decades to…