What Are The Key Elements Of Ap European Imperialism

AP EURO ART MOVEMENTS
Overview: Page #
• Italian Renaissance (1400s-mid1500s)………….1-2
• Northern Renaissance (1500s-late1600s)…………3
• Mannerism (Mid-Late 1500s)………………………..3-4
• Baroque (1600-1750)…………………………………...4-5
• Rococo (1700s)…………………………………………….5-6
• Neoclassicism (1750-1850)………………………..........6
• Romanticism (1800-1850)…………………………........7
• Realism (1850-1900)…………………………………....7-8
• Impressionism (1860-1890)………………………....8-9
• Post- Impressionism (1880-1910)…………………...9
• Expressionism (Early 1900s)………………………9-10
• Fauvism (1900-1910)…………………………………….10
• Cubism (Early 1900s)……………………………………..11
• Futurism (Early 1900s)……………………………..11-12
• Dada
(1915-1922)………………………………………….12
• Surrealism (1910-1920)…………………………………13
• Abstract Expressionism (1900s)………………...13-14
• Functionalism (Mid 1900s)……………………………..14
• Pop Art (Mid-to-Late 1900s)……………………...14-15
• Op Art (Mid-1900s)……………………………………...…15
• Photorealism- (1960s and 70s)…………………….…16

Italian Renaissance: 1400s-mid1500s
Definition/Historical context:
• Transformation of cultural and intellectual values from primarily christian to classical or secular ones
• antithesis of Gothic/Romanesque art (dark ages) which was dark, very heaven/g-d oriented, things were uglier and lacked depth/perception because the focus was only HEAVEN.
• things became more beautiful and pleasant to look at with the use of the: o vantishing point o depth/perspective o controposto ("s" form of sculptures like david. Basically a person with his/her foot out and hand on hip) o triangualr configuration
• Artists began to sign their name because they began to get paid, were commissioned by wealthy families and churches, etc
• this defers from the previous Gothic art where artists did not sign because the focus was G-d and art was made primaril to reflect the Glory of G-d.
Famous people:
• Artists: o Massachio
• perspective geometry in his "Holy Trinity" o Giotto o Donatello
• revived free standing sculpture from Classical times with his sculpture "David" o Leonardo Davinci--Reinassance man
• Mona Lisa
• Last Supper: Jesus still in the center o Michelangelo: best sculpture-er of all time
• Sculptures:
• David
• Pieta paintings:
• last judgment
• sistine chapel Raphael: school of athens Bruneschelli: architechture: Dome in Catheral of Florence Botticelli Ghirlandio Lippi Literature: Boccacio: decameron Machiavelli: the prince Petrarch: father of humanism (and sonnets. obvs) revived classical stuff
Geographical Location:
Began in Florence. Moved throughout Italy when there was all of the strife/treaty of lodi/all that fun stuff in the late 1400s th
• rough cultural diffusion, etc.

Northern Renaissance: 1500s-late1600
Definition/Historical Context:
• Spread of Italian Renaissance to non-Italian states through the printing press. This also blended Christian ideas into the Italian Renaissance art.
Famous People:
• artists: o Albrecht Duhrer:
• Adam and Eve o Hans Holbein o Van Eyck
• Literature: o Montaigne (French)
• Essays o Shakespeare
Geographical Location:
• Netherlands/Dutch Republic: very prominent here. o art was depicted kind of like realism...everyday Dutch people doing every day things, depicted as happy o not so much religion, not over the top o still life o during the golden age of Netherlands
• Rembrandt von Rign
• Jan Vermeer
• Flanders
• England
• Germany Mannerism: Mid to Late 1500s
Definition/ Historical Context:
• A period of art that emerged from the later years of the Italian Renaissance
• It was influenced by the renaissance→ but went a step further
• Notable for its intellectual sophistication
• Preferred artificial qualities over natural ones
• Favored instability over the balance and clarity in the Renaissance
• By the end of the High Renaissance, young artists experienced a crisis. It looked like everything that could be achieved was already achieved. The young artists needed to find a new goal, and were looking for new approaches.
Famous People:
• Tintoretto
• El Greco
• Pontormo
• Bronzino
• Benvenuto Cellini
Geographical Location:
• Artistic Centers: o Rome o Florence o Mantua
• Then spread throughout Europe

Benvenuto Cellini’s Agnolo Bronzino’s Venus, Cupid,
Perseus with the head of Medusa Folly and Time

Baroque:
Baroque is a movement that consists of painting, sculpture, and architecture in Italy that seems to miraculously unite the heavenly and the earthly to deepen the faith of believers.
The Baroque art tries to evoke emotional states by appealing to the senses, often in dramatic ways, underlies its manifestations. Some of the qualities most frequently associated with the Baroque are grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various arts. The 17th Century is the era of the Baroque style, characterized by energy, drama, and movement. The Church in Rome needed art that spoke to its resurgent power even as the conflict between Protestant and Catholics continued. Some famous artists were Rembrandt and Caravaggio

Rococo: 1700s
Definition/ Historical Context:
• Rococo essentially was the baroque style of art with its asymmetry, curvature, and irregularity except softer and more feministic.
• Rococo had slight movement while Baroque had dramatic movements
• Rococo was more decorative than the Baroque was more to show one’s piety.
• Rococo was more sceneries and beauty unlike the Baroque which would usually depict heroic landscapes and representations, which would depict things such as glory victories, and battles.
• This movement was in response to the strictness of the Baroque style.
• This movement takes place within the eighteenth century.
Famous People:
• Jean Antoine Watteau
• Fragonard
Geographical Locations:
• Major in France, but occurred throughout Europe.
Pictures Below: (From Left to Right) The Swing By Jean Honore Fragonard, Return From Cythera by Jean Antoine Watteau

Neoclassicism:
Definition-
An artistic and architectural movement that focused on reviving dignified, simplistic, classical style of ancient Greece and Rome. Many Neoclassicists were heavily influenced by excavations of ancient Roman cities like Pompeii.
Time & Place-
Neoclassicism became a fully established artistic movement in France in the late eighteenth century.
Notable Artists and their Works
-Jacques-Louis David (extremely popular during the French Revolution); Oath of the Horatii
-Angelica Kauffmann; Venus Induces Helen to Fall in Love with Paris

Oath of the Horatii Venus Induces Helen to Fall in Love with Paris

Romanticism: 1800-1850
Definition/ Historical Context: artistic, literary, and musical movement focusing on nature and emotion over reason.
It was a reaction to the industrial revolution and a revolt against the Enlightenment. It celebrated the individual genius and talent. Romanticism contained a religion revival, mainly in Catholicism. It also connected to nationalism.
Famous People:
Famous Romantic Writers:
• Lord Byron: narrative poems, he wrote about Greek independence
• Mary Shelley: daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft, wrote Frankenstein which was about technology and one’s dreams causing mass destruction (emotion over reason)
• Percy Bysshe Shelley: poetry
• William Wordsworth: poetry that glorified nature, thought nature could teach people so much
Famous Romantic Artists:
• Eugene Delacroix: large canvases, bold use of color, exotic themes. Liberty Leading the People is his famous work, a tribute to the French Revolution
• Theodore Gericault: The Raft of Medusa showed fascination with nature and incompetence of the government
Famous Romantic Composers:
• Ludwig von Beethoven: classical styles, orchestral arrangements, he became deaf but still played, composes nine
symphonies

The Raft of Medusa by Theodore Gericault Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix

Realism: 1850-1900
Definition:
art that represents the subject matter truthfully- nothing supernatural, implausible or artificial
Historical Context:
Began in France during 1850's, after 1848 Revolution. Realists rejected romanticism and instead portrayed typical people in real life situations. They often showed the changes brought upon by the Industrial and Commercial Revolutions. Realism was also portrayed in literature. It attacked the bourgeois lifestyle.
Famous Artists:
• Gustave Courbet
• Jean-Francois Millet
Famous Pictures: Bounjour by Gustave Courbet (1854) The Gleaners by Jean-Francois Millet (1857)

Impressionism: 1860-1890
Definition/ background info:
Impressionism was a 19th century art movement which originated in Paris by a group of artists. Its paintings captured a moment in time, a slice of life and had unusual visual angles. The artists were interested in the effects light had on the colors of the painting and would paint outside in various times of day. It commonly depicted leisure activities of the Parisian Bourgeoisie. Artists tried to capture the essence of the paintings without paying much attention to the details.
Historical context:
Impressionist art was developed in the late 1800s right after the period of realist art. It pushed previous techniques in a new direction from the realists using short brush strokes.
Famous Artists:
• Claude Monet, Impression Sunrise, Gare St. Lazare.
• Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party, Le Moulin de la Galette.
Where it most affected: Mainly Paris and France at first and then it influenced all of parts Europe.

Post Impressionism: 1880-1910
Definition:
artistic movement that was an offshoot of Impressionism, by breaking free of the naturalism found in Impressionism. Post imp expressed more emotions and symbolism than painting just optical impressions. Post-Impressionists pushed the ideas of the Impressionists into new directions. The word "Post-Impressionism" indicates their link to the original Impressionist ideas and their departure from those ideas -- their modernist journey from the past into the future.
Famous People:
• Vincent van Gogh--- Starry Night, Night Cafe
• Paul Cezanne- incorporated geometric approach
• George Seurat-- idea of pointillism- painting with small dots of color that combined to form a clear picture.
Pictures:
Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh, 2nd pic is by Paul Cezanne, A Sunday Afternoon by Georg Seurat

Expressionism: Early 1900s
Definition:
a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. Expressionist artists sought to express meaning or emotional experience rather than physical reality.
Historical Context:
• Came after Post-Impressionism, but before Cubism
• Early 20th Century (1900s)
• Popular before WWI, especially in Weimar Republic and Berlin
Famous Artists:
• Edvard Munch (The Scream→ Below)

Fauvism: 1900-1910
• French for “wild beast,” this movement stressed strong colors, structure, and form over the subject of the picture itself.
• Artistic movement that lasted 1904-1908 (mainly).
• Co-founders were Henri Matisse and Andre Derain.
• This movement was influential mostly in France.
Famous pictures:

Henri Matisse Andre Derain
Portrait of Madame Matisse Le séchage des voiles (The Drying Sails

Cubism: Early 1900s
Definition/ Historical Context: an early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and, later, collage. It started in 1907 in France.
Famous People:
Pioneered by:
• Georges Braque
• Pablo Picasso
Joined by:
• Jean Metzinger
• Albert Gleizes
• Robert Delaunay
• Henri Le Fauconnier
• Fernand Léger
• Juan Gris
Pictures: (From Left to Right) femme en pleurs by Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles by Pablo Picasso, Figure dans un Fauteuil by Pablo Picasso

Futurism: Early 1900s
Definition:
an early 20th-century artistic movement that centred in Italy and emphasized the dynamism, speed, energy, and power of the machine and the vitality, change, and restlessness of modern life in general. (Themes: speed and power of the machine; restlessness of modern life. Futuristic art is characterized by their subjects of modern life and depiction of speed
Historical Context:
Futurism glorified the new modern age. Futurists believed that all previous art/art movements were restrained/static: they rejected everything that was old/dull. They celebrated/valued change, originality, and innovation in culture and society. They attack “feminine” artwork and promote “masculine” experiences such as warfare and reckless speed (modern technology and urban life)
Famous Artists:
• Umberto Boccioni- Street Noises Invade the House (painting), Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (sculpture)
• Gino Severini
• Giacomo Balla- Abstract Speed + Sound (painting)
Areas of Influence: began in Italy and mostly spread to Germany + Russia (a little England)

Dada:
What is Dadaism?
Dadaism originated in Switzerland in the first world war and was popular in the 1920’s. The term “dada” indicated the loss of meaning in existing culture. Due to the horrors of WWI, social values have become meaningless. Dadaism aimed to emphasize the purposelessness of life. Examples include disconnected images and distorted caricartures.
The two most important Dada artists are:
Hans Arp: German- French painter, abstract artist Collage with squares arranged according to the laws of chance(1917)
Max Ernst: German Painter and sculpter. Famous painting: The Virgin Chastises the Infant Jesus Before Three Witnesses (1926)
One of the artists who mastered and founded Dadaism was Tristan Tzara, a Roman French poet. Hannah Hoch used Dadaism as an instrument to comment on women's roles in the new mass culture. She made fun of the “new women” who were inclined to follow the new trends.

Surrealism: 1910-1920s
Time Period:
1910’s – 1920’s (Inter-war Years)
Definition:
Surrealism expressed the unconscious and portrayed fantasies and dreams in a rational and logical way through usually disturbing images or writing. Surrealist literature used the automatist method, releasing the imagination of the unconscious. This artistic movement was influenced by the writings of Sigmund Freud on the unconscious.
Context:
a literary and artistic movement after Dadaism in response to the destruction caused by rationalism (WWI).
Artists/Writers:
• Andre Breton – published “The Surrealist Manifesto;” founded Surrealism
• Salvador Dali – major Surrealist artists from Spain who painted every-day objects in an irrational, fantasy world.
• Max Ernst – German surrealist artist
• Rene Magritte – Belgian surrealist artist
• Giorgio de Chirico – influenced Surrealism with his metaphysical paintings
Art: (From left to right) The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Deli, The Treachery of Images by Rene Magritte

Abstract Expressionism: 1900s
(Mostly American Movement, however it did occur in some European countries) o Wassily Kandinsky was a Russian painter who painted abstract expressionism on large canvas o Designed to convey musical compositions in visual form o Others artist include Henri Matisse and the French group called the Fauves (literally the wild beasts)

Functionalism: Mid 1900s
Functionalism was an architectural/artistic movement that occurred in the mid 1900’s. functionalism meant that buildings should become more functional and useful, and should fulfill the purpose they were constructed for. In a functional building art and engineering should be unified and all unnecessary ornamentation should be stripped away.

The main areas where functionalism took hold were the United States and Germany. In the United states there was an absence of architectural traditions which allowed the functional movement to spread, especially in new cities like Chicago. Two famous American functional architects are Louis H. Sullivan who was in charge of the Chicago school of architecture, and Frank Lloyd Wright who was a student of Sullivan’s and probably the most famous functional architect in American history.

Functionalism in Germany became popular almost entirely because of the Bauhaus School of Art in Weimar Germany. The Bauhaus school was established in 1919 by Walter Gropius. The school had architects painters and designers work together to blend the study of fine arts with the applied arts. Gropius’s buildings were often unornamented steel boxes with walls of windows.

No famous buildings mentioned.

Pop Art: Mid to Late 1900s
By creating sculptures, paintings, and other forms of art pop art aimed to blur the lines between “high” art and “low” art. The concept that there is no hierarchy of culture and that art may borrow from any source is the most influential characteristic of pop art.
Famous People:
• Andy Warhol (Below, Left Marilyn Monroe)
• Roy Lichtenstein (Below, Right Hopeless)

Op Art: Mid 1900s
What it is: Geometrical Illusions. very abstract
Context: Came from the abstract styles of the time. Cubism, Dadaism, Neo-impressionist... - also the reason it could have formed then, is because op art focuses on perception and how you view the picture. This is align with the cold war, which is all abut perception. The world is coming to an age where only appearance matters, but the artist are saying reallyis really more than meets the eye ( made that up)

famous artist: Vasrely, Riley, Poons
AoI: most USA, but throughout Europe too
Pics:

Photo Realism: 1960s-1970s
Definition:
The genre of painting based on using cameras and photographs to gather visual information and then from this creating a painting that appears to be photographic
Historical Context:
• An evolution from Pop Art, counter to Abstract Expressionism
• Shows the acceptance of Modernism
Famous Artists:
• Close
• Estes
• Baeder
• Goings
• Bells
Famous Pictures: