Preview

Why Are Birth Outcomes Not Reducible To Class Alone?

Good Essays
Open Document
Open Document
731 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Why Are Birth Outcomes Not Reducible To Class Alone?
1. How are pregnancy outcomes affected by racism and chronic stress? Why are racial differences in birth outcomes not reducible to class alone?
Racism can lead chronic stress and chronic stress can cause pre team birth. According to the video, chronic stress overtime can cause wear and tear on the body which can affect the organs and lead to early labor. Chronic stress can create excessive stress hormones which can trigger premature labor and constrict blood flood to the placenta which can also cause pre term birth. Chronic stress can also cause inflammation inside the uterus which can lead to premature labor.
Racial differences in birth outcomes are not reducible to class alone because educated African Americans women with good paying jobs still experience low birth outcomes and it is due to the stress they have experience over the course of their life time due to discrimination and racism. In the video we met Kim, an African American lawyer in good health and living conformably, however; she gives birth 2.5 month early. Social class alone does not cause low birth outcomes. The video states that African American women who
…show more content…
Dr. Collins and Dr. David conducted a study. They studied the birth rates among White women, African immigrants, and African American women. The study shows that African immigrants and White women has a similar pregnancy outcome. Premature birth rates only increase among African immigrants after one generation. This indicates that genetics is not the cause of premature birth among African Americans. The environment and health policies is a factor. It is Significant to recognized that African Americans mothers of all education levels have more low birth-weight babies than white American and African immigrant women because it shows that it doesn’t matter how much money you make or how educated you are. Once you experience constant stress, racism or discrimination throughout your lifetime, you are predisposed to having a premature

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Good Essays

    Babies who weight 5.5 pounds (2500grams) or less at birth are low babies with low birth weight. Babies weighing 3.3 pounds (1500 grams) or less are Very low birth weight babies. There is a significant medical and social cost for low birth weight infants and preterm births. Low birth weight is a major predictor of infant mortality. Ethnic and cultural group’s disparities related to low birth weight infant and preterm infant are significantly disproportionate, affecting minority Americans. Although infant morbidity can not be directly linked with low birth weight but it is a frequently used as a marker for poor health at birth because it amounts for the leading risk factor for infant morbidity and for subsequent mortality among the surviving infants. The extent of which ethnic and cultural disparities in low birth weight reflect socioeconomic inequalities, cigarette smoking during pregnancy, young maternal age and low educational achievements are also associated with low birth weights. The hospital costs for low birth weight infants during the first year of life in 2001 totaled $5.8 billion, representing forty-seven percent of all infant hospitalizations costs and twenty seven percent of all pediatric hospital costs. Even if the infant’s family has insurance, the co pay amount is significantly large, if we include cost of travel, lodging, food, time off from work and loss of productivity; it is very expensive and unaffordable for the society and the families. Pre term births increase a child risk for health and developmental problems. Pre term births less than thirty seven weeks of gestation is associated with poor health and social/emotional functioning measured at preschool age, adolescence and young adulthood. Less than 29 weeks of gestation age infants are at risk of increased impaired brain function due to brain injury and disruptions in early brain development. Low birth weight is also linked to various problems in infants, including : chronic conditions such…

    • 469 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    unit 18

    • 5759 Words
    • 15 Pages

    Some of the main factors that influence the health and development of babies are: physical, emotional, social, economic, environment factors, parenting styles, surveillance programmes, health promotion and legislation. A factor before birth can be smoking, this can either be second-hand or direct but both can still effect the baby pre and postnatally, it can also account to 20-30% of low birth weight in new borns and up to 14% pre-term deliveries. Smoking has also been estimated to be responsible for infant deaths by up to 10%. Even if the child is born healthy there can still be complications you cannot see like narrow airways and weak lungs. Another factor that can influence their health is diseases. The placenta cannot filter out extremely small viruses or bacteria and therefor children can be born with measles, chicken pox and syphilis. Rubella can also cause anomalies within babies, if this is contracted within the first three months of pregnancy it can cause the child to be born with congenital heart disease, cataracts, deafness or experience delayed mental development. HIV can be passed from mother to child while within the womb, there is no cure for HIV however there is medication that can help improve length and quality of life. Another factor is drug use, there are a few different drugs that can cause problems like cocaine, marijuana, heroin etc. these can cause problems like low birth weight, carbon dioxide in the blood, reduces oxygen to the baby, it increases chance of miscarriage, development delays, premature birth and also behaviour/learning problems. Domestic violence is also a big factor when it comes to influencing a child’s health and development when in the womb. 25-40% of women that are abused by their partners are normally abused during pregnancy as well, this can cause them to develop unhealthy habits like smoking,…

    • 5759 Words
    • 15 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    However, there are many other reasons as to why the African American community is susceptible to early health deterioration and chronic disease (Geronimus et al., 2010). Some alternative contributing factors are early childbearing, low socioeconomic status, employment related health effects, racial disparities in health care, and…

    • 786 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Secondly, the impact on poverty can have negative effects on a child’s life in health. Professor Robert Bradley says studies have demonstrated that poverty is associated with higher rates of poor health and chronic health conditions in children. When children experience poverty it not only affect them when they are young, it effects them in adulthood as well. Data from the national longitudinal survey of children and youth, children living in low-income families are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems than other children. Statistics show that poor children are at risk for low birth weight, asthma, anemia, stunted growth and other health complications compared to non-poor children. Low birth weight shows most in babies from…

    • 519 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    10. Smith, Carolyn A. 2005. African-American Fathers: Myths and Realities about their Firstborn Children. Journal of Family Issues, vol. 26 No. 7, 975 - 1001.…

    • 1292 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Also we are interested in investigating whether the effect of race on mean birth weight differs depending on mother’s age, obesity status or education level. Ultimately we are interested in determining which factors are associated with difference in mean birth weight between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White…

    • 218 Words
    • 1 Page
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Infant mortality rates were highest in the Pakistani (8.5 deaths per 1,000 live births), Black Caribbean (7.4 deaths per 1,000 live births) and Black African (6.8 deaths per 1,000 live births) groups. They were lowest in the White Other and White British groups (3.1 and 3.7 deaths per 1,000 live births respectively).…

    • 612 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Which is a fantastic trait to have as an ethnic group. However, this doesn’t make a lot of sense to me, considering that, “54.8 percent of children lived with either single mothers or single fathers, while 7.5 percent lived with neither parent” (Strong and Cohen, 2013, pg. 97). Another strength within African American families is that marriages are far more egalitarian. Husbands and wives are much more likely to share the workload, rather than assigning traditional duties to each of them. To me, this is a fabulous outlook; in looking at a marriage as equal, you relieve a lot of the stress off of the typical “breadwinner” and “homemaker.” Also, African Americans are much more likely than Caucasians to live in extended households, “households that contain several different generations. Black children are more likely than other children to live in a household with a grandparent.” (Strong and Cohen, 2013, pg.…

    • 635 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Structural Racism

    • 803 Words
    • 4 Pages

    The main reason for this difference in reproductive care stems from many different causes, but I believe that the strongest is the education difference between black and white citizens. Middle and High Schools in predominately African American areas face many more challenges than schools…

    • 803 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Jesse Washington author of the associated press, published an article on the struggle of black mothers who are unwed. She interviews Doctor Natalie Carroll. Carroll speaks of what she sees in her office. She talks to the women that struggle with their children. Most of them don’t have a husband or partner. According to government studies the black race is the highest in women who have children without being married. Some blame society and resources. Government officials and some churches have tried to get involved. This has been a public issue for some time now. Some blame a drug epidemic sending black men to prison. Leaving women to raise children alone. Dr. Carroll tries to teach and talk to the women who visit her office. She tells the stories of several women. Some have had issues with domestic violence, another sees marriage as an obligation more than a relationship. Dr. Carroll will continue to talk to the women who take their babies for their routine schedule because she believes that a child should have a mother and a father involved in order to break the dysfunctional pattern black men have.…

    • 689 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    The hypothesis is relationships between socioeconomic and infant mortality. “Modeling the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Mortality in a Mixture of Majority and Minority Ethnic Groups” (Young, 2006). The income an infant mortality has a relationship. If you do not have the income, to have prenatal care, your chances of having a healthy child or a still born is very high. Poverty has no boundaries when it comes to society (races).…

    • 332 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    INCIDENCE Occurs approximately 7% of live births of white infants, in Afro-American infants the rate is doubled 14% (Thilo & Rosenberg, 2003) CAUSES/FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRETERM BIRTHS 1. Low socio-economic status 2. Poor nutritional status 3. Lack of prenatal care 4. Multiple pregnancy 5. Previous early birth 6. Race (non-whites have higher incidence than whites) 7. Cigarette smoking 8. Age of the mother (highest incidence is in mothers younger than age 20) 9. Order of birth (early termination is highest in first pregnancies and in those beyond 4th pregnancies) 10. Closed spaced pregnancies 11. Abnormalities of mother’s reproductive system, such as intrauterine septum 12. Infections (especially UTI) 13. Obstetric complications (PROM, premature separation of placenta 14. Early induction of labor 15. Elective cesarean birth ASSESSMENT A. History – detailed pregnancy history will reveal reason for the preterm birth; be careful not to convey disapproval of reported pregnancy behaviors such as smoking, etc. Being overburdened with guilt may be detrimental to her attempts to bond with her infant B. Appearance…

    • 6588 Words
    • 27 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Infant Mortality Proposal

    • 1512 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Infant mortality is a rather complex issue that is problematic locally, nationally, and globally. The infant mortality rate is horrendously high in undeveloped countries. Despite America being a developed country and having available prenatal information programs; infant mortality is a growing problem in African American women. A plethora of infants are dying in the African American community, which indicates poverty, malnutrition and limited access to proper healthcare. The disparity in rates within the United States is alarming as well, with African American infants dying at more than twice the rate of white infants. This significant increase of infant mortality illustrates a challenge for both African American women and the health care community, and consistent intervention is crucial to reduce infant mortality. High infant mortality is a social problem that can only be solved through massive collaborative effort from health officials and the African American community. The purpose of this proposal is to raise awareness about the growing rate of infant mortality, as a result of poverty, malnutrition and limited access to proper healthcare. I will focus specifically, on the substantially high infant mortality rate in Memphis, TN. Memphis has a substantially high infant mortality rate, which indicates a need for improvement in the city’s social and medical care. I will also discuss preventive available alternatives to eradicate infant mortality in African American women.…

    • 1512 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Best Essays

    Infant Mortality Proposal

    • 3481 Words
    • 14 Pages

    In Shelby County, Tennessee, the African-American infant mortality rate exceeds the state and national average by more than 50 percent. The infant mortality rate is determined by the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births and is used to measure the overall health of communities worldwide. The Urban Child Institute (TUCI) 2012, reported that in 2010, 13.4 of 1000 infants born to African-American mothers in Shelby County, Tennessee died before their first birthday. These numbers are numbing; all while exceeding the national average of 6.1 deaths per 1000 live births. According to a report published by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)(Murphy, Xu, and Kochanek, 2012), nationally there are many reasons why infant mortality rates are high, such as congenital malformations, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), unintentional injuries deemed as accidents, and respiratory issues. However, in Shelby County, Tennessee the leading causes of infant mortality are low birth weight and prematurity (State of Tennessee, 2012). Other suspected attributing factors to the high mortality of infants are a lack of prenatal care, teen pregnancy and single-parenting; however, no research has proven these theories (TUCI, 2012) or found any definite reasons for the increased mortality among African-American infants.…

    • 3481 Words
    • 14 Pages
    Best Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Infant Mortality is a barometer of a community or nation’s health. Globally the poor have higher infant mortality rates (IMR) than those with greater resources. In the United States, there are many programs designed to bridge the gap between the poor and rich, and reduce infant mortality in those with less access to resources. Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is one such program and has had substantial impact on IMR in the poor in the US. The study performed by Khanani, Elam, Hearn, Jones & Maseru, “The Impact of Prenatal WIC Participation on Infant Mortality and Racial Disparities”, examined the value of WIC as a public health intervention which sought to improve birth outcomes and reduce racial disparities.…

    • 987 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Powerful Essays