By analyzing the mass spec, IR and NMR graphs, the structure of a molecule can be found.…
• Radioactive isotopes can change chemical structures used to treat cancers CARBON Atomic bonding • The goal of bonding is to produce a full & stable outer electron shell. – 1st shell (closest to nucleus) – 2 electrons to be full – 2nd shell – 8 electrons to be full – 3rd shell – 8 electrons to be full Bonding properties • Effect of electrons – chemical behavior of an atom depends on its electron arrangement • the number of electrons in its outermost shell, the valence shell How does this atom behave? 2 9/22/2011 Bonding properties • Effect of electrons – chemical behavior of an atom depends on number of electrons in its outermost shell…
It is often discussed that various functional groups bare ability to change the physical and chemical properties of an organic molecule. There are many varieties of functional groups, for example; Hydroxyl (a simple group with oxygen and hydrogen bonded to one another resulting in high polarity) Carbonyl (with the presence of carbon double bonded to oxygen), Carboxyl (a group with carbon double bonded to oxygen and also to a hydroxyl group), and Amine (containing nitrogen bonded to what could be a variety of elements). Each of these groups provides specific properties that are vary depending on the quantity and orientation of the groups in the molecule. Alcohols in particular (organic compounds holding one or more hydroxyl groups) are known to be very reactive because of the presence of that group. Thus the purpose of this investigation was to verify the theories of how organic molecular structure affects the properties of the molecule in question. In this specific experiment, three different alcohols with the same molecular formula but varying…
* Explain that the amount of energy needed to separate atoms in a compound is an indication of the strength of the attraction, or bond, between them…
Chapter 1 of The Disappearing Spoon discusses the importance of an element’s location on the periodic table based on the atomic number and type of material, and how this specific area determines its atomic “identity” and relation to other elements. This also includes the reactivity of elements based on their electron configurations. This relates directly to what we have studied in Chapter 5 of our textbook. One example from The Disappearing Spoon was about the halogens group of elements. This group is one of the most reactive of the entire periodic table because the outer shell of electrons in each atom is missing only one electron to be complete, or satiated. According to page 16 of The Disappearing Spoon, “...each level needs a certain number of electrons to fill itself and feel satisfied”. When atoms achieve an appropriate “match” with one or more other atoms that satisfy its electron needs, it becomes more stable.…
Atoms react with other atoms to gain or lose electrons to fill their outer shell.…
Covalent bonding is a bond when atoms share pairs of electron to become stable. For covalent bonding, two or more elements must have shared electrons. Atoms become stable by filling up their outermost shell with shared electrons. An atom can only have 8 electrons and that rule came from the Octet…
The ionic and covalent bonds are known to be the strongest chemical bonds. An ionic bond forms when two atoms differ so much in electronegativity that one or more electrons are actually transferred from one atom to the other. Ionic bonds generally occur between a metal and a nonmetal. Due to the existence of ionic bonds, elements that normally would not combine because sharing electrons is either not possible or not practical may be combined to form chemical compounds. A covalent bond forms when two atoms share a pair of electrons. The sharing of one pair of electrons produces a single bond whist the sharing of two or three pairs of electrons produces double or triple bonds. If both atoms are equally electronegative, a nonpolar covalent bond forms. If one atom is slightly more electronegative, a polar covalent bond formulates. Covalent bonds allow the greatest possible combinations of chemical compounds to take place.…
This is the culmination of the work of 5 eminent physicists, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr and Chadwick.Their work basically culminates in the ideas above and the important fact that an atom consists of:A nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded byElectrons in orbital around the nucleus.3. Atomic Number = Number of Protons4. Atomic Mass = Protons + Neutrons 5. Atomic Mass – Protons = Neutrons 6. Atomic Number – Atomic mass = Neutrons7.Protons = Electrons8. Valence electrons are electrons on outermost shell of an atom.5. Ionic bonds happen by transfer of electrons from one atom to another, usually between metals and nonmetalsHalite = NaCl Na…
1. Structural chemistry of components of living matter & relationship of biological function to chemical structure…
Atoms are the smallest entities which resemble the properties of an element and cannot be broken down into smaller parts. Molecules are formed when two or more atoms are combined. This formation can happen in a variety of ways. When two oxygen atoms join O2 is formed, and when three oxygen atoms join O3 or ozone is formed. Both of these have different properties. Different atoms can also combine to form molecules. Hydrogen combines with sulfur to form H2S and hydrogen and oxygen also combine to form H2O.…
The lackluster response to the Annapolis meeting might have been repeated the following spring, but for the violence that erupted in Massachusetts over the fall and winter. To Hamilton, Shays' Rebellion was the direct and inevitable result of the weak national government. The attempt by Massachusetts to pay off its war debts on its own had resulted in a crushing tax burden, especially for farmers unable to produce the required gold or silver currency. The consequence, in Hamilton's mind, was predictable: lawless mobs, assaults on property, and anarchy.…
The ionic and covalent bonds are known to be the strongest chemical bonds. An ionic bond forms when two atoms differ so much in electronegativity that one or more electrons are actually transferred from one atom to the other. Ionic bonds generally occur between a metal and a nonmetal. Due to the existence of ionic bonds, elements that normally would not combine because sharing electrons is either not possible or not practical may be combined to form chemical compounds. A covalent bond forms when two atoms share a pair of electrons. The sharing of one pair of electrons produces a single bond whist the sharing of two or three pairs of electrons produces double or triple bonds. If both atoms are equally electronegative, a nonpolar covalent bond forms. Hydrogen and oxygen are both diatomic elements that form nonpolar covalent bonds. If one atom is slightly more electronegative, a polar covalent bond formulates. Water (H2O) is a polar covalent bond. Covalent bonds allow the greatest possible combinations of chemical compounds to take place. Hydrogen bonds, another form of dipole force, formulates when the partially positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond…
According to Smith, Saison, and Segal the word attachment is defined as the deep connection established between a child and caregiver that profoundly affects that child’s development and their ability to express emotions and develop relationships (Help.org). Whereas attachment is easily defined it isn’t so easy to define attachment disorders. Experts have not agreed on a definition for the term “attachment disorder,” but Newman and Mares state that the American Psychiatric Association defines the term “reactive attachment disorder” as “markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness in most contexts that begin before age 5 years and is associated with grossly pathological care” (“Recent Advances”). RAD, also known as reactive attachment disorder, was first described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) –III in 1980 (Medscape). Understanding attachment and reactive attachment disorders in young children is very important in order for the parents or caregiver to realize the symptoms and help the child to work through the behaviors they have and to help them get the therapy needed to build healthy relationships and attachments. If there is neglect in the emotional bonds between the caregiver and the child, the child can develop an attachment disorder. Also if a child does not get the adequate amount of food needed or adequate positive physical touch then they can become unattached. It is important that caregivers understand that children need security help prevent them from becoming unattached. This is done through love and nurturing.…
There are a lot of unfamiliar problems and therefore a variety of strategies necessary to cope with different levels in foreign markets.…