The Northern coastline of Sydney is composed of sand and in some places mud, the shoreline is prone to change, building seaward and in some places eroding landward. In some locations this is a natural process with usually little impact on human settlement…
Crossed land bridges into Australia 60,000 years ago, crossed form Siberia into Alaska 25,000 years ago…
The plain of Holderness did not exist before the Ice Age. It was once a wide bay backed by chalk cliffs running from Flamborough Head to Hessle, west of the city of Hull. Today Holderness is made up of glacial tills – sands and clays deposited by ice sheets during the Ice Age (Figure 4). The tills are soft and unstable and have little resistance to erosion. The low cliffs repeatedly slump down along rotational slip planes, lubricated by water which reduces friction and makes the sands and clays slip easily. The sea washes the slumped material away. This rapid coastal retreat will continue until the old buried cliff-line along the eastern edge of the Yorkshire Wolds is once again exposed. This is composed of much more resistant chalk rock, which will again form impressive white cliffs such as those north of Bridlington.…
The Great Ice Age started 2 million years ago and the land bridge retreated 10,000 years ago.…
When the Ice Age caused the sea level to drop, it exposed a land bridge from…
Once the Roman empire collapsed, Christian Europeans civilizations began to emerge in Western Europe. The Frankish rule the emerged from within Rome established a Christian state that lasted that was founded by Clovis and was continually passed down to the sons from the Merovingians founded by Clovis, the Carolingians led by Charles Martel and Pepin III, to the age of Charlemagne following Pepin’s death. Although Charlemagne’s empire was able to improve the status of Western Europe, after Charlemagne’s death divisions among the heirs to the empire and a myriad of invasions led to the collapse of the empire. The Crusades began as a concerted effort to curb the influence of Islam and increase the unity between European Christians, however they ultimately did achieve their original goals. In the 12th century Henry II instituted reforms that simplified the judicial system and establish English common law. Lastly, the Hundred year conflict between England and France destabilized Europe affecting almost all areas of society.…
In the 1600’s, the Dutch Republic was one of the world’s strongest and prosperous nations founded upon their superior navy. Making the most of their convenient geographical location, the Netherlands had control of many important trade routes, particularly in the North Sea. However, this period of peace and economic prosperity who come to and end and the Netherlands would start to decline. The security, unity, and prosperity of the Dutch Republic was challenged by hostile foreign nations, economic decline, the lack of an national standing army, and a lack of unity between provinces.…
At the height of the Ice Age, between 34,000 and 30,000 B.C., much of the world's water was contained in vast continental ice sheets. As a result, the Bering Sea was hundreds of meters below its current level, and a land bridge, known as Beringia, emerged between Asia and North America. At its peak, Beringia is thought to have been some 1,500 kilometers wide. A moist and treeless tundra, it was covered with grasses and plant life, attracting the large animals that early humans hunted for their survival.…
About 225 million years ago, a single supercontinent contained the entire world’s dry land and later enormous chunks began to drift away.…
Between 1500 and beginning of 19thcentury, the issue of power began to rise in Europe; the paradox of this issue raise a question of power; under what condition will individuals and groups like nobles and the church sacrifice present power for the expected future benefit? People always prefer more power rather than less, unless the benefit exceed the present power. Thus, if we assure narrow rationality, then we would predict power maximization. However, that is not what happened, people gave up power in expectation of a better life. The first hypothesis, which is about bargaining suggest that the surrender of power by autonomous constitution allowed territorial rulers expand their power. The second hypothesis is coercion, which falsify the…
During the seventeenth century the Netherland experienced a time that is now known as the “Dutch Golden Age”. In all the parts of creating a well put together country, the Netherland prospered. In the seventeenth century the Netherlands were capable of creating this “Dutch Golden Age” because of how the managed their economy, their intellectual life, their political beliefs, and the affects all of this had on their society.…
A more realistic Dutch landscape style developed, seen from ground level, often based on drawings made outdoors, with lower horizons which made it possible to emphasize the often impressive cloud formations that were (and are) so typical in the climate of the region, and which cast a particular light. Favorite subjects were the dunes along the western sea coast, rivers with their broad adjoining meadows where cattle grazed, often with the silhouette of a city in the distance. Winter landscapes with frozen canals and creeks also abounded. The sea was a favorite topic as well since the Holland depended on it for trade, battled with it for new land, and battled on it with competing nations.…
Many cities across the world are located at or below sea level. Even with dams, dykes and dunes, these cities can be prone to flooding. The global climate change is causing sea levels to rise which is creating a domino effect across the world. According to Vanessa McKinney, author of Sea Level Rise and the Future of the Netherlands, the earth’s Polar Regions are becoming much warmer…
During the year between 1450 and 1750, the society was gradually transforming from the postclassical period to the early modern world. While there were negative parts of the society where there was a prevalent diseases and famine which made the general insecurity within the postclassical society, there was a basic optimism starting from the early modern period. The society no more had to be insecure with great improvements in terms of economy, politics, environment, society, and culture.…
The Vinland Sagas describe three distinct locations investigated by the Norse. Farthest to the north was Helluland, Land of Stone. Two days of sailing in a southerly direction brought the expedition to Markland, Land of Woods, and another two days to VÌnland, Land of Wine. Vinland was described as a land rich in resources, salmon, game of all kinds, excellent lumber, and, to the astonishment and delight of everyone, wild grapes. Winters were mild, and during the winter, there were more hours of daylight than in Iceland or Greenland. The Norse also observed great tidal differences and landlocked lagoons where halibut could be caught in puddles on the shore as…