World History DBQ

1. Questions of periodization 1. Nature and causes of changes in the world history framework leading up to 600 C.E. – 1450 as a period
During the postclassical era, we’re dealing with the rise of Islam, developments in Europe and the Byzantine Empire, developments in Asia, the rise and fall of the Mongols, developments in Africa, and the developments in the Americas. Technologies and innovations in this era include warfare and ship building. The role of women also changes, the wealthier a society is, the less public presence and freedom women have. During the postclassical era, we’re not only dealing with the rise of postclassical civilizations, but also how they interact as a whole. The Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean, the trip across
the Sahara to West Africa, and the continued trade in the Mediterranean were all used to facilitate trade and cultural diffusion. 2. Emergence of new empires and political systems
When it comes to the postclassical era, what jumps to mind is the Dar al Islam and their rapid expansion throughout the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. In Europe, after the collapse of the Roman Empire, Eastern Europe was centralized while Western Europe was not. In Western Europe, the pope and the Roman Catholic Church served as their government. During the middle ages, feudalism dominated Western Europe, where life was centered in the manor. In China, the Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties developed golden ages, with the brief interruptions of the Mongols. In Africa, the western empires, Ghana, Mali, and Songhay dominated the gold trade. In the Americas, the Olmecs set a cultural precedent for their successors. 3. Continuities and breaks within the period (e.g., the impact of the Mongols on international contacts and on specific societies)
In Arabia, women didn’t have property rights or inheritance rights, and they were also viewed as property themselves. If a man divorced a women, he could keep her dowry, thus baby girls were seen as less valuable than baby boys over time. This value system translated into female infanticide. The Qu’ran gave women some legal rights and they were treated with more dignity. They were equal to men before Allah. If men divorced his wife, she could have her dowry back. Infanticide was strictly forbidden. Women gained considerable influence at home and in early Islamic society, women sometimes had influence outside the home. Khadija, Mohammad’s first wife, had been a successful businesswoman. Even with these rights, Islamic society was still patriarchal. Men were permitted to have as many as four wives, while women should be obedient to one man. Land was passed through the males, thus the legitimacy of the boy couldn’t be questionable. Legally, women were treated unequally; they only had half the weight in testimony in court than men. They also had to be veiled in public, which was adopted from Mesopotamia and Persia. Over time, Islamic society became more structured and more patriarchal. Women only had one task and that was to care for her family and be loyal to her husband. However, with Islam, women did gain respect and were highly protected under the Qu’ran than they previously had been. When Eastern Europe and Western Europe broke apart, they both still practiced Christianity but in different forms. Western Europe practiced Roman Catholicism and Eastern Europe practiced Orthodox Christianity. When the Mongols conquered territory from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe, they let their subjects practice their own religion. The Mongols were diffusers of culture. The Mongols in Persia assimilated by those they conquered. They became Muslim. Elsewhere, Mongols either couldn’t absorb or they intentionally didn’t. in China, Kublai Khan, dismissed the Confucian scholars, forbade marriage between Mongols and Chinese, and wouldn’t allow the Chinese to learn the Mongol language. The Chinese kept their own identity and they kicked the Mongols out in 1368. The Chinese reestablished themselves under the Ming Dynasty. The Mongols left two major impacts. The Golden Horde conquered Russia and they were treated as a vassal state, they didn’t unify or culturally develop as quickly as its European neighbors to the West. Their other major influence was that they facilitated world trade, cultural diffusion, and awareness. 1. The Islamic world 4. The rise and role of Dar al-Islam as a unifying cultural and economic force in Eurasia and Africa
Though they did “encourage” their subjects to convert to Islam, they were quite flexible well. They were tolerant of their local customs of the areas they conquered. The Sufis, Islamic mystics, were its most effective missionaries. They stressed a personal relationship with Allah, in contrast to other religions that emphasized a particular form of ritual. By allowing and even encouraging, followers to practice their own ways to revere Allah, and by tolerating others who placed Allah in the framework of other beliefs, the Sufis succeeded in converting large numbers of people to Islam. And with a theocratic government, the more rapidly the religion expands; the more rapidly the empire expands. They also controlled and monopolized the cross-roads of the Silk Road. 5. Islamic political structures, notably the caliphate
When Mohammad died in 632, Abu Bakr, one of his followers became Caliph, the head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader. The Caliph ruled an empire and also made pronouncements on religious doctrine. The Islamic empire was a theocracy. Because a caliph ruled it, the theocratic Islamic Empire was referred to as a caliphate. As time passed, the caliphs began to act more like hereditary rulers, except that there was no clear line of succession. The first four caliphs were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. Ali was assassinated and was succeeded by his son, Hasan. Under pressure form a prominent family in Mecca, Hasan relinquished his title, and established the Umayyad Dynasty. The capital was moved to Damascus, Syria, although Mecca remained the spiritual center. Conquered subjects were “encouraged” to convert to Islam, those who didn’t were forced to pay a tax called Jizya. The Umayyads expanded as far as northern Africa and into Spain, where they ruled the Iberian Peninsula. They attacked the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. Despite their success, problems with succession started to emerge. Muslims split into two camps, Shiite and Sunni. Shiite (Shia) Islam holds that Mohammad’s son in law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the empire, based on Mohammad’s comments to Ali. Sunnis, in contrast, thought that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of people. In a battle for control of the empire against the forces of Abu al- Abbas, the Umayyad Empire was defeated. The Abbasid Dynasty around 750 in all areas except Spain replaced it.
The Abbasid Dynasty reigned from 750 to 1258 until the Mongols defeated the Islamic Empire. They built a magnificent capital at Baghdad. The Abbassid defeated the Tang Chinese army during the Battle of the Talus River in 751 CE. This fight was for the control of Silk Road trading posts in central Asia. They discovered paper money that was on the Chinese soldiers. 6. Arts, sciences, and technologies
The Islamic Empire was built around trade. The merchants introduced the unique idea check, which free them from the burden and danger of carrying coins. They also developed a system of itemized receipts and bills. Steel was produced for the manufacturing of swords. Mohammad al-Razi, published a massive medical encyclopedia. They also expanded on what they learned in India, especially in algebra. They learned how to make paper from the Chinese POWs. They preserved the Western culture, as did the Byzantines. When the Arabs encountered the classic writings of ancient Athens and Rome, including those of Plato and Aristotle, they translated it into Arabic. 2. Interregional networks and contacts 7. Development and shifts in interregional trade, technology, and cultural exchange 8. Trans-Sahara trade
When the Muslims Empire spread across North Africa in the seventh and eighth centuries, these African kingdoms (Ghana, Mali, Songhai) began trading with the larger Mediterranean economy. Islamic traders penetrated the Sahara Desert and reached the wealthy interior Africa. Increasingly, caravans of traders were willing to do what they had to do to get to the riches on the other side of the sand. At first, the push factor was salt, which they had little of. Then they began to encounter Islamic traders along the salt road, and started to trade for other commodities. The pull factor that lured the Islamic traders was gold in West Africa. They also introduced Islam into West Africa. For Ghana, they was subjected to a Holy War led by an Islamic group intent on converting or killing them. They defeated the Islamic forces but their empire fell into decline. By the time the Mali came into power, the region had converted to Islam, this time a more peaceful transition. 9. Indian Ocean trade
The Persians and the Arabs dominated the Indian Ocean Trade. The Indian Ocean connected ports in western India to ports in the Persian Gulf, which were connected to ports in eastern Africa. The Indian Ocean trade was relatively safer than the Mediterranean because there wasn’t constant warfare. Sailors often married the local women at the ends of their trade routes, cultures diffused rapidly. Many sailors took foreign wives home and created bilingual and bicultural families. 10. Silk routes
The Silk Road was used heavily again from 1200 CE until about 1600 CE, during the reign of the Mongols. The Silk Roads carried much more than silk, it carried porcelain and paper. It carried military technologies. It carried religions, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The East met the West on the Silk Roads. 11. Missionary outreach of major religions
Missionaries played a significant role in the spread of Christianity. They used trade routes in Europe that had been already established. They even went to the Kingdom of Axum in Eastern Africa and gained many converts there, including Axum rulers. They tried to spread Christianity in East Asia but there were little success. The Buddhist missionaries made use of the Silk Roads trading network to spread their religion into China after the resurgence of Hinduism in India pushed Buddhism out. Hinduism didn’t have a lot of missionary efforts because their caste system was irrelevant to societies. Islam was spread mostly fro their own military conquests and won over converts that way, and the Sufis played a large part as well. Merchants also played a key role in the spread of Islam. All major religions were spread by the help of missionaries and merchants along the Silk Roads and influencing regions as they go.

12. Contacts between major religions, e.g., Islam and Buddhism, Christianity and Islam
Muslims destroyed the Nalanda Monastery in the 13th century. Buddhism wasn’t violent in nature, whereas both Islam and Christianity were. Europeans came into contact with the Muslim world during the Crusades (military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of the eleventh through the fourteenth centuries to take over the Hold Land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity) and take over the trade routes helped spur new thought and broadened the perspective of these previously insular people. 13. Impact of the Mongol empires
When the Mongols conquered territory from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe, they let their subjects practice their own religion. The Mongols were diffusers of culture. The Mongols in Persia assimilated by those they conquered. They became Muslim. Elsewhere, Mongols either couldn’t absorb or they intentionally didn’t. in China, Kublai Khan, dismissed the Confucian scholars, forbade marriage between Mongols and Chinese, and wouldn’t allow the Chinese to learn the Mongol language. The Chinese kept their own identity and they kicked the Mongols out in 1368. The Chinese reestablished themselves under the Ming Dynasty. The Mongols left two major impacts. The Golden Horde conquered Russia and they were treated as a vassal state, they didn’t unify or culturally develop as quickly as its European neighbors to the West. Their other major influence was that they facilitated world trade, cultural diffusion, and awareness. 3. China's internal and external expansion 14. The importance of the Tang and Song economic revolutions and the initiatives of the early Ming dynasty
Under the Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties, China experienced a Golden Age. The Tang Dynasty ruled China since 618 CE under Emperor Xuanzong. The Tang expanded into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea. By 907, the empire had become so large that local warlords gained more and more power, and the Tang Dynasty collapsed. In 960, China was reunified under the Song Dynasty and Emperor Taizu. The Song fell to the Jurchen and then the Mongols until finally in 1279, the Mongols established the Yuan Dynasty in its place. The Dynasty was driven out of China in 1368 and the Ming Dynasty restored Chinese rule. The Tang and Song dynasties achieved in areas of art, architecture, science, philosophy, porcelain making, silk weaving, construction of transportation systems, and much more. The Tang Dynasty is famed for its poetry that tells us about their everyday lives. Under Song, China developed printing processes, which facilitated the spread of its literary accomplishments throughout Asia, and later influenced the development of literature in Korea and Japan. The Tang and Song built an extensive transportation and communication network, including canals. The Song built the Grand Canal that integrated Chinese economy from north to south. Tang’s power base was military garrisons along the central Asian trade routes and their capital at Chang’an , the eastern terminus of the Silk Road. The Song Dynasty the movable type. Gunpowder started to be used in primitive weapons. The magnetic compass, watertight bulkheads, and sternpost rudders made the Chinese Junks (Chinese ships). Iron production also increased tenfold. Production of steel also increased. Champa rice from Vietnam, a fast ripening rice, increased food supply. 15. Chinese influence on surrounding areas and its limits in the sixth century, the influence of China in Japan increased dramatically. In 522, Buddhist missionaries went to Japan and brought with them Chinese culture. Buddhism spread so quickly, but did not replace Shintoism. Most Japanese adopted Buddhism while also handing on o their Shinto beliefs. Prince Shotoku borrowed bureaucratic and legal reforms, which were modeled on the successes of the Tang Dynasty In China. They modeled their capital after the Tang capital. However, they rejected Confucianism and the Civil Service Exams. Korea was China’s vassal state and that resulted in Korean schools ad the imperia; court being organized like those of the Chinese, although he power of the royal houses and nobility was also responsible for the spread of both Confucianism and Chan Buddhism to Korea. The Vietnamese rejected the Chinese influence, but eventually established a Confucian education and trade. 4. Developments in Europe 16. Restructuring of European economic, social, and political institutions 17. The division of Christendom into eastern and western Christian cultures
The Roman Empire united the entire Mediterranean for centuries, but it became to vast to govern as a while, so in 286 CE, the empire was split into an eastern half and a western half. In 313, Christianity was accepted into the empire; and in 330, Constantine converted to Christianity, he reunited the empire at Constantinople. The empire split again in 395, which at this time, the eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire. Almost 400 years later, in 800, the Holy Roman Empire was established, centered in Rome. They still shared the same religion but it was to change in 1054 when Christianity began to be practiced as two entirely separate religions: Roman Catholicism and Christian Orthodoxy.
The Byzantine Empire: * Used the Greek language * Distinctive domes on architecture * Culture was similar to Persia * Orthodox Christianity * Byzantine emperors had absolute authority over economy (they monopolized the silk production that they learned from China) * Coin money was used * Justinian Code: Codification of Roman law * Flowering of arts and sciences (Hagia Sophia) * Secular leaders headed the church * Difference in communion, whether priest should be allowed to marry, the use of local language, the nature of God, and icons. * In 1054 CE the pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other. 5. Social, cultural, economic, and political patterns in the American world 18. Maya, Aztec, Inca
Maya:
* Organized in city states rule by a single king * Agricultural peasant population was bound to nobility by ties of loyalty and religion * Built terraces * 10,000-40,000 inhabitants * Long distance trade as far as central Mexico * War was about capturing slaves or sacrificial victims * Abandoned their cities around 800 CE Aztec: * Arrived in Central Mexico in the mid 1200s and built their capital at Tenochtitlan * Expansionist and had a professional army * Demanded heavy taxes and captives * Warriors were the elite in the Aztec social structure * Empire of around 12 million people * Did not use bureaucratic form of government, the conquered areas were allowed to govern themselves, as long as they paid tribute demanded of them * Roads were built to link the huge empire, and trade flourished * Aztec women could not inherit property * Aztec women were primarily in charge of running the household, but also involved in skilled crafts, such as weaving * Religion was tied to the military, because one of the purposes of the military was to obtain victims for human sacrifice. Thousands of women and men would be sacrificed annually Inca: * Expansionist in nature * Controlled more than 2,000 miles of south American coastline * Had a professional army, an established bureaucracy, a unified language, and a complex system of roads and tunnels * Had no large animals like the Mayans and the Aztecs so their prime source of labor was humans. * Peasants were expected to give a portion of their harvest to support the ruling classes and to provide famine relief. These surpluses supported large cities * Inca women were expected to work in the fields, weave cloth, and care for the household. They could pass property on to their daughters and even played a role in religion. * Practiced human sacrifice, but in much smaller numbers, usually choosing instead to sacrifice material goods or animals. * Their religion emphasized the rewards for good behavior and punishments for bad. * Incan rulers were mummified after death and became intermediaries between the gods and the people.
7. Demographic and environmental changes
Impact of nomadic migrations on Afro-Eurasia and the Americas (e.g., Aztecs, Mongols, Turks, Vikings, and Arabs)
When the Totlecs deserted the Mexican peninsula, the Aztecs migrated to Lake Texcoco and its neighboring two lakes. After settling on the shores of the lakes, population increased and small settlements began to develop. The Aztecs were mainly responsible for establishing a tradition of creating empires in the Americas. The Mongols greatly impacted trade throughout Eurasia. They provided protection for the merchants along the Silk Roads. In Central Asia, the Turks helped to encourage trade between settled societies. The Turks would trade with settled communities throughout their travels to obtain products they could not produce, such as any agricultural products. The Turks established caravans of trade to travel between the Mediterranean and central Asia. The Vikings were infamous for sailing through seas bordering nations and enter the nation through rivers. After they enter the villages, they would raid and plunder for anything they find in value. Around 844 CE, they sailed up the Garonne River in France and raided all of the settlements on their way. They were also responsible for a giant raid of northern Germany. 19. Migration of agricultural peoples (e.g., Bantu migrations, European peoples to east/central Europe)
The Bantu Migration first began around 1000 BCE when the Bantu started moving south and east from West Africa to the Coasts around the Congo River and later into the rainforest once bananas made life there more efficient. The second wave took place as they then moved to Africa’s east coast where land was more open and suitable for farming, and to Africa’s west coast where land was more dry, grassy and suitable for grazing animals. Population pressures, wars, and other conflicts were push factors. As they moved through Africa, they aided the spread of agriculture and metallurgy. Once there was no more land to migrate to, Africa evolved politically, with rising populations that adopted more complex forms of government. 20. Consequences of plague pandemics in the fourteenth century
The Bubonic Plague was also referred to as the Black Death.
This epidemic originated in China, where it killed about 35 million people. It spread rapidly through Europe in the mid-fourteenth century. New forms of commerce and trade, including Mongol control of the central Asian Silk Routes, facilitated its transmission. First occurring in the 1330s, the epidemic spread westward with traders and merchants, and arrived in Italian port cities as early as 1347. Crowded conditions, lack of sanitation, and lack of medical knowledge contributed to its rapid spread. Within 50 years, 1/3 of Europe’s population was dead, traditional feudal hierarchies were obsolete, religious hatred intensified, and people lost faith in the power of the church. They shifted toward a commercial economy, more individual freedom, and development of new industries. 21. Growth and role of cities
Traders and merchants needed a place to meet and conduct businesses and this period saw the growth of urbanization throughout the world, mostly as a result of trade contacts and networks. Along with trade, cities showcased the wealth and power of the rulers who both controlled and benefited from the trade. Urban centers usually developed along trade routs or in locations necessary for strategic defense. Usually, the most populous cities would be the ones that surround the Silk Roads, after 1400, European cities begin to grow with Paris and the Italian city-states emerging as new trading
powers.

8. Diverse interpretations a. What are the issues involved in using cultural areas rather than states as units of analysis?
When you use cultural areas to analyze a particular state, it’s too vague and there are too many forms of different government within it. For example, Dar al Islam consists of countries in the Middle East, Europe, Northern Africa, and parts of Asia. It’s harder to pinpoint what is exactly being asked. b. What are the sources of change: nomadic migrations versus urban growth?
Nomadic migrations can be caused by environmental factors such as; there aren’t enough land or food to sustain life. People migrate also because of warfare and population pressures. Urban growth is more closely identified with trade, that’s why urban centers are mostly near port cities. c. Was there a world economic network in this period? * The Mediterranean Trade between western Europe, the Byzantine Empire, and the Islamic Empire * The Hanseatic League (collection of city-states in the Baltic and North Sea regions of Europe that banded together in 1241 to establish common trade practiced, fight off pirates and foreign governments, and essentially establish a trade monopoly from the region to much of the rest of the world. It resulted in a substantial middle class in northern Europe, a development that would drive changes in the region in later centuries. It set a precedent for large, European trading operations that profoundly affected the Dutch and the English, which would also deeply affect the world in later centuries.) * The Silk Roads * The land routes of the Mongols * Trade between China and Japan * Trade between India and Persia * The Trans-Saharan trade routes between west Africa and the Islamic Empire
After 1200 CE or so, the world as very interconnected. Europe was trading with the Islamic world and Russia. The Islamic world was trading with Africa, India, and China. India was trading with China and Eastern Africa. China was trading with Japan and southeast Europe. England PersiaIndia Japan. They could also travel to points north and south, from Muscovy to Mali. The global network wasn’t entirely controlled by one entity or laid out by one trading organization. It was a web of interconnected but highly independent parts. All major civilizations was part of it except the Americas.

d. Were there common patterns in the new opportunities available to and constraints placed on elite women in this period? Europe Islam India China Veiling of upper class | Veiling in public | Purdah: veiling or seclusion | Foot binding | Strict and patriarchal social divisions | Equality in religions, but separate in mosque | Strict patriarchal caste system | Strict Confucian social order and guidelines for virtuous behaviors | Could inherit land ad take oaths of vassalage, but property belonged to husband | Received half inheritance of male children | Child marriages | Access to dowries and owned businesses | Could bring a court case, but not participate in decision | Testimony had less weight than male | Practice of sati for widows | Widow to remain with son; no property if remarried | Divisions of labor; women in textiles | | Family textile labor | Silk weaving as female occupation | Christian monogamy | Concubines and seclusion in harems | Marriage limited to caste members | Concubines and seclusion in harems | Education limited to upper class males | Literate society | Education limited | Literate society, but state education limited to men | Did not recognize illegitimate children | All children are seen as legitimate | | | * Japanese and European feudalism
They were similar in terms of political structure, social structure, and honor code. They were different in terms of treatment of women and legal arrangement. In Europe, the feudal contract was just that, a contract. It was an arrangement of obligations enforced in law. In japan, on the other hand, the feudal arrangement was based solely on group identity and loyalty. In both cases, the feudal arrangement was based on culture, and so the feudal system stayed around for a very long time. The Europeans tried to centralize themselves like the Roman Empire, and the Japanese took their inspiration form the nearby Chinese, but both lacked resources to establish a strong central bureaucracy. Feudalism may be responsible for the two civilization’s development of capitalist economies, inclination to imperialism, or readiness to respond with warfare. * Developments in political and social institutions in both eastern and western Europe Eastern Europe | Western Europe | -Centralized-Justinian Code: unified law-Emperor with absolute authority; monopolized trade (Mediterranean)-Constant conflict between emperor and pope, they excommunicated each other-Religious war with Islamic empire-Islamic Empire constantly trying to invade and Byzantine slowly loses land-Ottomans eventually conquer Constantinople-Patriarchal -Trade important | -Feudalism: decentralized with lords and vassals. -Allied with the church: pope has more power, thus the power struggle between the pope and the emperor resulted in a decentralized western Europe-Stratified social structure-King nobles knightsserfs-Code of chivalry -Christianity only unifying factor in a decentralized state-Patriarchal-Women appreciated for beauty-Self –sufficient: manors, trade developing slowly among serf class |

* Compare the role and function of cities in major societies
China:
* Modern and urbanized * Center of modernization * More people in a family=more income * Cities were the most modernized portion of China’s society * Trade: fueled economy, society grew and flourished, connected different societies together, main source of china’s prosperity * Imported manufactured goods from Europe, India, Etc * Exported silk, porcelain, jade, spices, etc * Designated cities for trade

India: * Central location in the Indian Ocean made it the site of warehouses and cargo exchanges * India exported cotton textile, tanned leather, carpets, and high-carbon steel, pepper. * India imported raw goods and exotic items like gold, ivory, slaves, horses, and religions like Islam also diffused. * Main ports include Cambay, Calicut, Ceylon. Persia and Arabia: * Dominated Indian ocean trade * Exported dates, incenses, horses, etc * Imported manufactured goods from India, silk, etc * Main ports were Siraf, Hormuz, Basra, Aden
East Africa: * Kingdom of Axum traded with Indian Ocean civilizations * Exported Christianity, gold, ivory,slaves, etc * Imported manufactured goods * Main ports was Adulis
East Asia: * Exported fine spices * Imported manufactured and raw goods * Main ports include Melaka, Palembang in Sumatra
Europe:
* Modern and urban * Spread the ideal of industrialism to other European, Asian, and African societies * Increased popularity with trans-continental trade
All the cities and ports were influenced b the trade in their civilization. Coastal cities became multicultural due to the volume of merchants passing. Trade modernized cities, led to religious developments, and spread ideas. * Compare Islam and Christianity Islam | Christianity | -Heavy on trade-Baghdad became a center of learning and art in the Islamic empire-Monotheistic - Believed that Allah transmitted his words to the faithful through Mohammad-Salvation was won through submission to the will of God, and it can be accomplished by the Five Pillars of Islam-Jihad “to struggle”-Accepts Abraham, Moses, and Jesus as prophets (does not accept Jesus as the son of God-Mohammad was the last great prophet -Believe that all people are equal before God and that everyone should be converted to the faith | -Manor-Secluded monasteries became centers of learning in the Holy Roman Empire-Monotheistic-Jesus of Nazareth: son of God, the Messiah-30 CE, “ the kingdom is at hand” , Jesus was crucified - Based on the Old and New Testaments of the Bible-Many Christians believe that it was their duty to share this message with the unconverted-appealed to lower classes and women | * Gender systems and changes, such as the impact of Islam
In Arabia, women didn’t have property rights or inheritance rights, and they were also viewed as property themselves. If a man divorced a women, he could keep her dowry, thus baby girls were seen as less valuable than baby boys over time. This value system translated into female infanticide. The Qu’ran gave women some legal rights and they were treated with more dignity. They were equal to men before Allah. If men divorced his wife, she could have her dowry back. Infanticide was strictly forbidden. Women gained considerable influence at home and in early Islamic society, women sometimes had influence outside the home. Khadija, Mohammad’s first wife, had been a successful businesswoman. Even with these rights, Islamic society was still patriarchal. Men were permitted to have as many as four wives, while women should be obedient to one man. Land was passed through the males, thus the legitimacy of the boy couldn’t be questionable. Legally, women were treated unequally; they only had half the weight in testimony in court than men. They also had to be veiled in public, which was adopted from Mesopotamia and Persia. Over time, Islamic society became more structured and more patriarchal. Women only had one task and that was to care for her family and be loyal to her husband. However, with Islam, women did gain respect and were highly protected under the Qu’ran than they previously had been * Aztec Empire and Inca Empire ztec: * Arrived in Central Mexico in the mid 1200s and built their capital at Tenochtitlan * Expansionist and had a professional army * Demanded heavy taxes and captives * Warriors were the elite in the Aztec social structure * Empire of around 12 million people * Did not use bureaucratic form of government, the conquered areas were allowed to govern themselves, as long as they paid tribute demanded of them * Roads were built to link the huge empire, and trade flourished * Aztec women could not inherit property * Aztec women were primarily in charge of running the household, but also involved in skilled crafts, such as weaving * Religion was tied to the military, because one of the purposes of the military was to obtain victims for human sacrifice. Thousands of women and men would be sacrificed annually Inca: * Expansionist in nature * Controlled more than 2,000 miles of south American coastline * Had a professional army, an established bureaucracy, a unified language, and a complex system of roads and tunnels * Had no large animals like the Mayans and the Aztecs so their prime source of labor was humans. * Peasants were expected to give a portion of their harvest to support the ruling classes and to provide famine relief. These surpluses supported large cities * Inca women were expected to work in the fields, weave cloth, and care for the household. They could pass property on to their daughters and even played a role in religion. * Practiced human sacrifice, but in much smaller numbers, usually choosing instead to sacrifice material goods or animals. * Their religion emphasized the rewards for good behavior and punishments for bad. * Incan rulers were mummified after death and became intermediaries between the gods and the people. * Compare European and sub-Saharan African contacts with the Islamic world
Similarities:
* Trade expanded into both Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa * On the Silk Roads and the Indian Ocean Trade * Increase contact with the Islamic world, caused Sub-Saharan world to become familiar to their culture and wealth (learning and cultural centers at Mali and Songhay) * Increased contact caused “lost” Greek philosophical and intellectual works to be reintroduced to Europe (Scholasticism, which Thomas Aquinas was a leader of. He was influenced by Averroes, a Muslim) * Trade started to become more prominent as an economic factor compared to agriculture * Led to wealth/power of nations caused extensive trade between both regions with the Islamic world, as the Islamic world was the center of trade, culture, and learning. * Both Sub-Saharan African and Europe had conflicts with Islam ( Ex. Ghana was attacked by Islamic missionaries, which led to the decline of Ghana. Crusades led by Pope Urban ll)
Sub-Saharan Africa: * When trade increased, centralized states were created. These centralized states also created empires as well, using Islam as a focus. (Ex: Mali, Songhay) * Sub-Saharan Africa didn’t start massive religious conflicts with the Islamic world. Though islam influenced Sub-Saharan Africa, the religion was syncretic and incorporated many of the original traditions. ( Ex. Mosque in Tunisia, the pilgrimage of Mansa Musa)
Europe:
* No such thing as creating an empire around Islam happened in Europe because Christianity was a strong. They already had prevalent states in Europe, whereas they didn’t have unified states in Sub-Saharan Africa. * Religious conflicts with the Islamic worlds. (Ex. Crusades led by Pope Urban ll)
Examples of What You Need to Know * Arab caliphate, but not the transition from Umayyad to 'Abbasid * Mamluks, but not Almohads * Feudalism, but not specific feudal monarchs such as Richard I * Manorialism, but not the three-field system * Crusading movement and its impact, but not specific crusades * Viking exploration, expansion, and impact, but not individual explorers * Mongol expansion and its impact, but not details of specific khanates * Papacy, but not particular popes * Indian Ocean trading patterns, but not Gujarati merchants
Global Interactions: 1450-1750 1. Questions of periodization 1. Continuities and breaks, causes of changes from the previous period and within this period
During this 300-year span, Europe rises as a major player on the world scene and most of the regions in this time are discussed in terms of their relation to Europe. During this Era, Europe went through revolutions of Thought and Expression and exploration and expansion. By the end of this time period, Europeans will have used their new technologies, new ideas of governing, and new forms economic organization to become the dominant world powers. They European powers raced to secure faster trade routes, new colonial possessions, and attempted to gain control of key resources. Much of their successes came at the expense of the land-based empires of Asia and the declining empires in the Americas. This time era covers European maritime empire building. 1. Changes in trade, technology, and global interactions
European Exploration * Before late 15th century was limited to land * Introduction of ships led to explorations across Europe * Many nations wanted to eliminate the Muslim middlemen by discovering trade routs to Asia. These nations include Portugal, Spain, England, Netherlands, and France. * China did not participate in exploration because they thought it was a waste of money * Colonialism and the expansion of the trade routes contributed to the rise in nationalism and the development of strong monarchies * Increased Europeans trades * Portugal was the leader of explorations (1488, financed Bartholomew Dias, who rounded the Cape of Good Hope first. In 1497, Vasco De Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and explored the east African Kingdoms, and hen went all the way to India. He established trade relations with them. * Spain financed Christopher Columbus’ voyages (stumbled upon Americas).
Treaty of Tordesillas * Set up a line of separation on a longitudinal line that runs through the Western Atlantic Ocean * It was because Spain and Portugal was fighting for land in the Americas * East of line is Portugal and west of line is Spain.
Encomienda System * Similar to a feudal system * Set up “New Spain” to govern the new land * Peninsulars (land owners) Crillos ( Spanish parents but born in the new world) MestizosMulattosNative Americans (worked in mines) * Slave trade was emerging
Technology:
* Sternpost rudder invented in China * Lateen Sails made ships resistant to wind * Astrolabe was a GPS device that used the sun and stars * Magnetic compass was borrowed form the Chinese, obtained from Arabs through trade, used for determining direction * Three Masted Caravels: large ships to hold more provisions and larger sails
Global trade interactions: * Dutch East India Company: acted like independent governments * British East India Company: more important impact on the government England established, a strong center in Calcutta India * Began presence of British Influence in India * Slave trade strengthened certain Western African governments, while some countries opposed the slave trade, other used it to their advantage * China did not to trade but exported to Europe frequently * China porcelain was valued, thus a mass influx of silver profits to China * Lack of foreign interactions, China’s problems were all internal * Opium war: Britain took advantage of China, set up ports, and all of Europe ultimately took advantage of China. * Extraterritoriality were granted to foreigners * Japan was open to trade but when the Tokugawa Shoguns took over, they began to be secluded.

2. Knowledge of major empires and other political units and social systems 2. Ottoman, China, Portugal, Spain, Russia, France, England, Tokugawa, Mughal, characteristics of African empires in general but knowing one (Kongo, Benin, Oyo, or Songhay) as illustrative
Political Social Economic Gender COT Ottomans | Military administration and civil administration controlled by Vizier-Sultan has highest position-Local administrative units-State control over clergy | -Millets-High degree of tolerance-Slavery existed-Women sold as slaves | -Development of major commercial and industrial cities-Traded with Eastern and Western Europe | -Women in imperial harem had political power-Sultanate of Women | -New possibilities of conquest ran out leading to decline of Ottomans | China | -Fall of Ming was internal and external -Manchu | -Foreigners allowed in China, Manchus higher than Chinese | -Macao and Guangzhou points of contacts w/ Europeans in China-Trade with Europeans in Qing | -Emperors continued to have many wives and concubines | | Portugal | -Monarchy | -Religious figures high in social hierarchy | -explored other lands to increase trade-Establish colonies | | | Spain | -Monarchy | -Religious figures had power-Jews expelled -Increase in migration of women from Spain to Colonies | -Established colonies-Wanted to trade with the east | -Iberian patriarchal forms remained (women were subordinates)-Women couldn’t work in gov’t and were confined to the household. (Especially upper class)-Authority of husband was crucial | | Russia | -Centralization of authority -Peter the Great: St Petersburg as capital-First Russian navy-Free from Mongols in 1480-Empire expanded Eastwards | -Still feudalism-Peter the Great encouraged serfdom-Women and nobles forced to dress in western fashion-Men shaved bears (denial of Mongol tradition) | -Key economy bound to agriculture-De-valued merchant class-Limited commercial exchange, systemized tax system-Economic funded military | -Transfer of male power to women -Peter the Great abolished that tradition during his westernization reforms because upper class women had more freedom in the West-Status of gender relations among peasants was one of the areas of life that Peter the Great didn’t attempt to reform | | France | -Monarchy | -1st, 2nd, 3rd estates | -Age of imperialism | | -Emergence of a “European style family” (later marriage age, emphasis on nuclear familial units)-Limited family birth rates | England | -Feudalism collapsed-Monarchy/Parliament | -Large middle class-Landowners still powerful | -Began age of imperialism-British East India Company-Proto-Industrialization | -Women had increased emotional role in family after englightment | | Tokugawa | -Warring states period-Centralized rule-Tokugawa leyasu | -Hierarchy becomes unbreakable, samurai at top, lower class women more free | -Japan manufacturing merchant class get wealthier a slightly more powerful- Urbanization, Population growth | -Lower class women who traditionally had less power gained more power | | Mughal | -Centralized under Mughal | -Patriarchal | -Thriving economy based on cotton trade | -Treatment of women better under Akbar who initially allowed widows to remarry and intermarry between Hindus and Muslims, portray talents openly | | Songhay | -SunniAli converted Songhay into a large empire and developed gov’t-Centralized state | -Islam | -Fishing, farming, etc was what economy was based on-Became prosperous trading state as well | -Introduction of Islam led to traditional Muslim restrictions on women | -Introduction of Islam-Became a large, organized, centralized state under Sunni Ali and later rulers |
A.Gender and empire (including the role of women in households and in politics)
Elizabeth I of England, Isabella of Spain, and Nur Jahan of Mughal, India all had considerable amount of power. The status of women, changed little from the previous period, legally they were often considered as property of their husbands, inherited less than sons or brothers, and had few rights in legal or political spheres. The biggest change that came from the mixing of previously unknown cultures. The result of global exploration and colonization, these new relationships produced offspring’s considered mixed or mestizo. Racial status was big on determining your class. Changed in trade and production took jobs that were women’s away from them and it became men’s. The forced migration of males in African societies resulted in a disproportionate number of females left behind in what were already matrilineal societies. These numbers reinforced polygyny. The non-European areas of the world, tended to regard older or widowed women with both respect and superstition. In both Africa and many Native American societies, councils of older women were part of the political decision making process. Neo-Confucianism called for the proper roles and virtues for women within the home with the understanding that if the home were stable so were the state. In Europe, the revolutionary new ideas of the Renaissance and the Englightment included women at least nominally. Education was more widely available to all classes, but opportunities for girls lagged far behind those of boys, and the highest levels of education were only offered to males. The less-hierarchical new protestant religions limited the roles of women to wife and mother and did not have convents or monastic systems as alternatives to traditional roles.
4.Slave systems and slave trade
The demands of the newly global economy resulted in an expansion of systems of forced labor in the empires. Russia’s attempts to control their large land mass relied on the forced labor of the peasants or serfs. All three systems took advantage of the laborers and were frequently managed by harsh and brutal overseers. In the Spanish part of the New World, haciendas were established in which Natives owed labor to their landlords, not unlike the feudalism in Europe. This system fell apart as the native populations diminished due to disease, and as Natives converted to the Roman Catholic faith. The Portuguese took advantage of the already thriving intra-African slave trade and transformed it into a trans oceanic one. The majority of the slaves would wound up on plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean where life expectancy was just 3-5 years. Russian serfdom differed in that the Russian economy was domestic and both the laborers and the landowners were Russian. 5. Demographic and environmental changes: diseases, animals, new crops, and comparative population trends
Demographic change: The Aztecs and Incas were wiped out. Huge cities were depopulated. Europeans moved by the hundreds and thousands. Africans were forced to migrate by the millions. Cities in Europe swelled as the feudal system evaporated and urban and middle class merchants lined their pockets with the fruits of trade and empire.
Columbian Exchange: * Europe+AfricaAmericas: horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, and sugar cane. * Americaneastward: squash, beans, corn, potatoes, and cacao. * The American food crops that traveled east made population increases possible throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. * Urban population and commercial interests grew throughout Europe and led to increased cultivation and enclosure of land. * Two key products of the Columbian Exchange were sugar and silver. * Sugar production resulted in the development of plantations throughout the Spanish colonies and an increased need for enslaved or forced labor once the Native populations on the island declined. * The Spanish also monopolized the world’s silver market. (Mines in Mexico and the Andes Mt. in Peru) * Diseases brought from Europe to the Americas by the conquistadors killed populations to the extreme.

6. Cultural and intellectual developments Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment a. Comparative global causes and impacts of cultural change
Scientific Revolution: During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church and the political structure reinforced the lack of scientific investigation. Nicolaus Copernicus developed a mathematical theory that asserted that the earth and the other celestial bodies revolved around the sun and that the earth rotated on its axis daily. Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter with his telescope. Galileo published his dialogue concerning the two chief systems of the world. The Church put Galileo on trial before the inquisition in Ome for heresy and he was forced to recant.
The Englightment: The Enlightment was centered in France. Thinkers continued scientific research and applied scientific methods to study the human society. They believed that rational laws could describe both physical and social behavior. Adam Smith maintained that governments should stand back and let individual effort and market forces operate for economic advance. A few enlightment thinkers argued for more specific goals, for economic equality and the abolition of private property and for women’s rights. * Thomas Hobbes: people by nature were greedy and violent * John Locke: wrote the two treatises on government, believed that all humans were for the most part good. And believed that all men were equal and believed in the social contract that government should provide for the people and if they don’t the people can remove the government. * Jean-Jacques Rousseau: inspired the revolutionary movements in European colonies and anti-slavery movement. Took the social contract to a new level. b. Changes and continuities in Confucianism
Confucianism is the most important belief system in all of China; it influenced social and political structures tremendously. Scholar gentry were trained in its values, as members of society. Buddhism and Taoism lost popularity. Jesuits attempted conversion, but were rejected. Five Confucian relationships are seen in society. Neo-Confucianism is prominent in society. Student spoke out about rigid social rules, students were demanded to give full respect to teacher, even if they poorly prepared. Men were still superior to women. Women were limited even more than before. Practicing foot binding along with Neo-Confucianism. Combined elements of Buddhism and Taoism to make Confucianism for accessible for less literate Chinese. It spread to China, Korea, and Japan. c. Major developments and exchanges in the arts (e.g., Mughal)
Mughal art and architecture often blended Muslim styles with those of other societies. Mughal artists included Christian religious subjects in their works. It blended with the white marble typical of Indian architecture with the arches and domes of the Islamic World. Ex: Taj Mahal 7. Diverse interpretations d. What are the debates about the timing and extent of European predominance in the world economy?
Europe lacked natural resources so they went out there and conquered all these lands. They are competitors with each other, thus they will outshine every other continent. They were the center of Renaissance and modern science. e. How does the world economic system of this period compare with the world economic network of the previous period?
During this era, the economic systems were more integrated, and technologies provided them with the ease to travel around the world and trade. More economic importance placed on trade, commerce, and money rather than land. Proto industrial modes began to appear. Capitalism beginning to emerge as well. The power was shifting to Europe. The New World brought new goods to the market. They continued to trade via water. With the new industrial power of Europe growing, they were able to integrate the world into a smaller place, and transporting people, goods, and ideas. * Imperial systems: European monarchy compared with a land-based Asian empire European Monarchy | Asian Empire | -Expansionist-Social structure and power in colonies based on race-Economy was based on farming, silver mining, stock raising, and craft production-Haciendas -Encomienda system (demanded labor form Natives) | -Refused to explore any further than its own surrounding land area. -Qing unified China-Was the center of East Asia -Demanded tribute from nearby countries | * Coercive labor systems: slavery and other coercive labor systems in the Americas
Encomienda:
* Peninsularescreoles mestizosmulattos * Viceroys established the encomienda system, which was sort of like a feudal system. Peninsulares had land and a specific number of laborers. In return, they had to protect the natives and convert them to Christianity. They had horrible working conditions and they appealed. The solution was to introduce slaves. It did not improve the conditions of the natives Slavery: * The Portuguese captured slaves while exploring the coasts of Africa. When the plantations of the new world demanded more labor, the money hungry empire builders knew where to get it for free. Thus the Trans Atlantic Slave trade started.

* Comparative knowledge of empire (i.e., general empire building in Asia, Africa, and Europe)
In Asia, their empires surrounded China as the Middle Kingdom and pay tributes. They traded with each other and didn’t want anything to do with the Europeans for the most part. Christian missionaries failed to try to convert Asians into Christians. In Africa, after the Trans-Atlantic slaves trade, some empire got really strong because they traded people for weapons with the Europeans. They had many resources, which resulted in European exploitation. The Europeans in this Era was the most expansive because they were advanced in technology and lacked the land and resources. Nationalism also developed at this time. * Compare Russia's interaction with the West with the interaction of one of the following (Ottoman Empire, China, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India) with the West
In the early 1300s, a group of semi-nomadic Turks came together to form a major political power, known as the Ottoman Empire. Russia also emerges as a successful empire. Ivan III, the prince of Mosco, stopped paying tribute to the Mongols, and in 1480, began building his own independent Empire. Strong central empire with an absolute monarch called the Czar. At this time, they were free from the Golden Horde (1480). The Turks were also expanding their empire into the Balkans of the west, then towards the east. At the beginning, they were not substantial neighbors, but with each empire expanding, they soon stood side by side on the world map. 1569, was when the first Ottoman-Russian war broke out after Sultan Selim III marched into Asttrakhan, Russia. They both wanted each other’s land. The Ottoman Empire fell into a steady decline.

In 1700, Peter the great of Russia began to make contacts with other countries, which led to a new era in Russian history. He adopted western European technology and science. Westernization was taking place. Boyars began to shave their beards and wear western clothing. However, he didn’t want to adopt the democratic trends. He wanted absolute monarchy and Catherine the Great continued in his footsteps. She also encouraged serfdom and brought Western art and architecture ideas to Russia

Below are examples of the types of information you are expected to know contrasted with examples of those things you are not expected to know for the multiple-choice section. * Neoconfucianism, but not specific Neoconfucianists * Importance of European exploration, but not individual explorers * Characteristics of European absolutism, but not specific rulers * Reformation, but not Anabaptism or Huguenots * Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, but not the Safavid Empire * Siege of Vienna (1688–89), but not the Thirty Years' War * Slave plantation systems, but not Jamaica's specific slave system * Institution of the harem, but not Hurrem Sultan