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A Bread-Making Operation

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A Bread-Making Operation
A BREAD - MAKING OPERATION

EXAMPLE 5.1: Bread Making

For the manager of a bakery a first priority is to understand the products that are made and the process steps required. Exhibit 5.4A is a simplified diagram of the bread-making process. There are two steps required to prepare the bread. The first is preparing the dough and baking the loaves, here referred to as bread making. The second is packaging the loaves. Due to the size of the mixers in the bakery, bread is made in batches of l0O loaves. Bread making completes a batch of 100 loaves every hour, which is the cycle time for the activity- Packaging needs only 0.75 hour to place the 100 loaves in bags.

From this we see that bread making is the bottleneck in the process. A bottleneck is the activity in a process that limits the overall capacity of the process. So if we assume that the bread-making and packaging activities both operate the same amount of time each day, then the bakery has a capacity of 100 loaves per hour. Notice that over the course of the day the packaging operation will be idle for quarter-hour periods in which the next batch of bread is still being made but packaging has already completed bagging the previous batch. One would expect that the packaging operation would be utilized only 75 percent of the time under this scenario.

Suppose that instead of having only one bread-making operation we now have two, as shown in Exhibit 5.48. The cycle time for each individual bread-making operation is still one hour per 100 loaves. The cycle time for the two bread-making lines operating together is half an hour- Because the packaging operation takes 0.75 hour to bag 100 loaves, the packaging operation now is the bottleneck. If both bread making and packaging were operated the same number of hours each day, it would be necessary to limit how much bread was made because we do not have the capacity to package it. However, if we operated the packaging operation for three eight-hour shifts and bread making for two shifts each day, then the daily capacity of each would be identical at 3,200 loaves a day (this assumes that the packaging operation starts up one hour after the bread-making operation). Doing this requires building up a shift's worth of inventory each day as work-in-process. Packaging would bag this during the third shift So what is the throughput time of our bakery?

SOLUTION

In the original operation with just the single bread-making process, this is easy to calculate because inventory would not build between the bread-making and packaging processes- In this case the through- Put time would be 1.75 hours. In the case where we operate the packaging operation for three shifts, the average wait in work-in-Process inventory needs to be considered. If both bread-making operations start at the same time, then at the end of the first hour the first 100 loaves move immediately into packaging while the second 100 loaves wait. The waiting time for each l00Joaf batch increases until the baking is done at the end of the second shift.

This is a case where Little's Law can estimate the time that the bread is sitting in work-in process. To apply Little's Law we need to estimate the average work-in-process between bread making and packaging. During the first two shifts inventory builds from 0 to 1,200 loaves. We can estimate the average work-in-process over this 16-hour period to be 600 loaves (half the maximum). Over the last eight-hour shift inventory drops from the 1,200 loaf maximum down to 0. Again the average work-in-process is 600 loaves. Given this- the overall average over the 24-hour period is simply 600 loaves of bread. The packing process limits the cycle time tbr the process to 0.75 hour per t00 loaves (assume that the loaves are packaged in a batch). And this is equivalent to a throughput rate of 133.3 loaves4rour (100/0.75 = 133.3). Little's Law calculates that the average time that loaves are in work-in-process is 4.5 hours (600 loaves/133.3 loaves/hour).

The total throughput time is the time that the loaves are in work-in-process plus the operations time for the bread-making and packaging processes. The total throughput time then is 6.25 hours (l hour for bread making + 4.5 hours in inventory + 0.75 hour packaging).

A RESTAURANT OPERATION

EXAMPLE 5.2: A Restaurant

Our bakery operates in what is referred to as steady stale, meaning that the operation is started up and runs at a steady rate during the entire time that it is in operation. The output of this steady stale process is adjusted by setting {he amount of time that the operation is run. In the case of the bakery, we assumed that bread making worked for three shifts and packaging for two shifts.

A restaurant cannot run in this manner. The restaurant must respond to varying customer demand throughout the day. During some peak times, it may be impossible to serve all customers immediately, and some customers may have to wait to be seated. The restaurant, because of this varying demand, is a non-steady state Process. Keep in mind that many of the menu items in a restaurant can be pre-prepared. The pre-prepared items, salads and desserts for example, help speed the processes that must be performed when customers are at the restaurant being served.

Consider the restaurant in the casino that we discussed earlier. Because it is important that customers be served quickly, the managers have set up a buffet arrangement where customers serve themselves. The buffet is continually replenished to keep items fresh. To further speed service, a fixed amount is charged for the meal, no matter what the customer eats. Assume that we have designed our buffet so customers take an average of 30 minutes to get their food and eat. Further, assume that they typically cat in groups (or customer parties) of two or three to a table. The restaurant has 40 tables. Each table can accommodate four people- What is the maximum capacity of this restaurant?

SOLUTION

It is easy to see that the restaurant can accommodate 160 people seated at tables at a time. Actually, in this situation it might be more convenient to measure the capacity in terms of customer parties because this is how the capacity will be used. If the average customer party is 2.5 individuals, then the average scat utilization is 625 percent (2.5 seats/party ÷ 4 seat/table) when the restaurant is operating at capacity. The cycle time for the restaurant, when operating at capacity, is 0-75 minute (30 minute/table ÷ 40 tables). So on average a table would become available every 45 seconds. The restaurant could handle 80 customer parties per hour (60 minutes + 0.75 minute/party).

The problem with this restaurant is that everyone wants to eat at the same time. Management has collected data and expects the following profile for customer parties arriving during lunch, which runs from 11:30 A.M. until 1:30 P.M Customers arc seared only until 1:00 P.M.

TIME PARTIES ARRIVING

11:30 - 11:45 15

11:45 - 12.00 35

12:00 – 12:15 30

12:15 – 12:30 15

12:30 – 12:45 10

12:45 – 1:00 5

Total parties 110

Because the restaurant operates for two hours for lunch and the capacity is 80 customer parties per hour, it does not appear that the restaurant has a problem. In reality, though, there is a problem due to the uneven flow of customers into the restaurant. A simple way to analyze the situation is to calculate how we expect the system to look in terms of number of customers being served and number waiting in line at the end of each l5-minute interval. Think of this as raking a snapshot of the restaurant every 15 minutes.

The key to understanding the analysis is to look at the cumulative numbers- The difference between cumulative arrivals and cumulative departures gives the number of customer parties in the restaurant (those seated at tables and those waiting). Because there are only 40 tables, when the cumulative difference through a time interval is greater than 40, a waiting line forms. When all 40 tables are busy, the system is operating at capacity: and, from the previous calculation, we know the cycle time for the entire restaurant is 45 seconds per customer party at this time (this means that on average a table empties every 45 seconds or 20 tables empty during each l5-minute interval). The last party will need to wait for all of the earlier parties to get a table, so the expected waiting time is the number of pries in time multiplied by the cycle time.

TABLE dan GRAFIK

The analysis shows that by 12 noon. 10 customer parties are waiting in line. This line builds to 25 parties by 12:15. The waiting line shortens to only l0 parties by 12:45.

So what can we do to solve our waiting line problem? One idea might be to shorten the cycle time for a single table, bur customer are unlikely to be rushed through their lunch in less than 30 minutes. Another idea would be to add tables. If the restaurant could add 25 tables, then a wait would not be expected. Of course, this would ear into the space used for slot machines, so this alternative might not be attractive to casino management. A final idea might be to double up Parties at the tables, thus getting a higher seat utilization. Doubling up might be the easiest thing to try. If 25 out of the 40 tables were doubled up, our problem would be solved.

PLANNING A TRANSIT BUS OPERATION

EXAMPLE 5.3: Transit Bus Operation

The final example involves a logistics system. The term logistics refers to the movement of things such as materials, people, or finished goods. Our example involves a bus route that would be typical of one used on campus or in a metropolitan area. A similar analysis could be used for analyzing plane routes, truck routes, or ships. Similar to the restaurant, a bus transit route does not operate in steady state. There are definite peaks in demand during the day and evening. A good approach to take, the same as was done with the restaurant, is to analyze distinct periods of time that represent the different types of demand patterns placed on the service. These distinct analyses can be referred to as scenarios. Depending on the situation, it might be reasonable to develop either a single solution that covers all the relevant scenarios or a set of solutions for the different scenarios.

A great bus route is the Balabus, or "tourist bus," in Paris. This route loops past all the major attractions in Paris. Some of the sights along the route include Notre-Dame, the Louvre, Concorde, Champs-Elysees. the Arc de Triomphe. the Eiffel Tower, and others.

Consider the problem of planning the number of buses needed to service this route. A number of factors need to be considered. Let's assume that a single bus takes exactly two hours to traverse the route during peak traffic. The bus company has designed delays in the route so that even though traffic is busy the bus can keep on schedule. The route has 60 stops, although the bus stops only when passengers on the bus request a stop or when the driver sees customers waiting to board at a stop. Each bus has seating capacity of about 50 passengers, and another 30 passengers can stand. This route is busy much of the day because visitors to the city tend to start visiting the sites early and continue until dark. Finally, the transit authority wants to give good service and have enough capacity to handle peak customer loads. The following is an analysis of the situation.

SOLUTION

A key measure of service is how long a customer must wait prior to the arrival of a bus. Consider initially the case of only a single bus serving the route. If a person at a random time comes to a bus stop, we know that the maximum time that the customer needs o wait is two hour. Here we assume that the bus is able to cover the route in exactly two hours. If there is significant variability in this cycle time, the waiting time goes up. We discuss the impact of variability in Technical Note 6. This would be the case waiting the unlucky customer just missed the bus. If the bus was halfway through the route (relative to where the customer is waiting), then the customer needs to wait one hour. Continuing with this logic, we can estimate the average wait time for the customer to be one hour. In general, we can say that the average wait time would be half the cycle time of the process. If two buses are used, the cycle time is one hour and the average wait is 30 minutes. If we want the average wait to be two minutes, then the required cycle time is four minutes, and 30 buses arc needed (120 minutes ÷ 4 minute/bus = 30 buses).

The next issue relates to the capacity of the system. If we have 30 buses on the route and each bus seats 50 passengers with another 30 standing, we know that we can accommodate 1,500 seated or 2,400 passengers in total at one point in time.

Assume that the following table is an estimate of the number of passengers that travel the route during a typical tourist season day. The table shows calculations of the amount of bus capacity required during each hour. If a customer rides the bus for 45 minutes, then one seat is needed for 45 minutes, or 0.75 hour, to handle that passenger. Of course, 60 minutes, or a full hour's worth, of capacity is available for each seat that we have. At maximum utilization including standing, each bus can handle 80 passenger hours 'worth of load. Dividing the expected passenger load during the hour by the maximum load for a single bus calculates the minimum number of buses needed. Similarly, dividing the expected passenger led by the number of seats on each bus calculates the number of buses needed so that all passengers can be seated.

TABLE

From the analysis, if the Paris transit authority uses only 30 buses throughout the day, many people will need to stand. Further, during the morning rush between 10 and 11 A.M and the evening rush between 5 and 6 P.M not all of the customers can be accommodated. It would seem reasonable that at least 40 buses should be used between 9 A.M and 7 P.M. Even with this number of buses, one would expect passengers to be standing most of the time.

If the transit authority decided to use 40 buses between the extended hours of 8 A.M. through 8 P.M what would be the average utilization of the buses in terms of seats occupied? Over this 12-hour period, 24,000 seat-hours of capacity would be available (40 buses x 12 hours x 50 seats/bus). The table indicates that 25,875 seat-hours are needed. The utilization would be 107.8 Percent (25.575/24,000 x 100). What this means is that on average 7.8 percent of the customers must stand. Of course, this average value significantly understates the severe capacity problem that occurs during the peak times of the day.

ROTI A - PEMBUATAN OPERASI
CONTOH 5.1: Pembuatan Roti
Untuk manajer toko roti prioritas pertama adalah untuk memahami produk-produk yang dibuat dan proses langkah yang diperlukan. Pameran 5.4A adalah diagram sederhana dari proses pembuatan roti. Ada dua langkah yang diperlukan untuk mempersiapkan roti. Yang pertama adalah menyiapkan adonan dan memanggang roti, di sini disebut sebagai pembuatan roti. Yang kedua adalah kemasan roti. Karena ukuran mixer di toko roti, roti dibuat dalam batch roti l0O. Pembuatan Roti menyelesaikan batch 100 roti setiap jam, yang merupakan siklus waktu untuk kegiatan-Kemasan hanya membutuhkan 0,75 jam untuk menempatkan 100 roti di kantong.
Dari sini kita melihat bahwa pembuatan roti menjadi penghambat dalam proses. Bottleneck adalah kegiatan dalam suatu proses yang membatasi kapasitas keseluruhan proses. Jadi jika kita asumsikan bahwa kegiatan pembuatan roti dan kemasan keduanya mengoperasikan jumlah waktu yang sama setiap hari, maka toko roti memiliki kapasitas 100 roti per jam. Perhatikan bahwa selama hari operasi kemasan akan idle selama seperempat jam periode di mana batch berikutnya roti masih dibuat tetapi kemasan telah selesai mengantongi batch sebelumnya. Orang akan berharap bahwa operasi kemasan akan dimanfaatkan hanya 75 persen dari waktu di bawah skenario ini.
Misalkan bukan hanya memiliki satu pembuatan roti operasi kami sekarang memiliki dua, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Exhibit 5,48. Waktu siklus untuk setiap operasi pembuatan roti individu masih satu jam per 100 roti. Waktu siklus untuk dua roti-membuat garis operasi bersama adalah setengah jam-Karena sebuah operasi kemasan membutuhkan 0,75 jam untuk tas 100 roti, operasi kemasan sekarang adalah kemacetan. Jika kedua pembuatan roti dan kemasan dioperasikan jumlah yang sama jam setiap hari, akan diperlukan untuk membatasi berapa banyak roti dibuat karena kita tidak memiliki kapasitas untuk paket itu. Namun, jika kita mengoperasikan operasi kemasan untuk tiga delapan jam shift dan pembuatan roti untuk dua shift setiap hari, maka kapasitas harian masing-masing akan sama pada 3.200 roti per hari (ini mengasumsikan bahwa operasi kemasan dijalankan satu jam setelah pembuatan roti operasi). Melakukan hal ini membutuhkan membangun senilai pergeseran dari persediaan setiap hari sebagai pekerjaan-proses di-. Kemasan akan kantong ini selama shift ketiga Jadi apa adalah waktu throughput dari bakery kami?
SOLUSI
Dalam operasi yang asli hanya dengan proses tunggal pembuatan roti, ini mudah untuk menghitung karena persediaan tidak akan membangun antara pembuatan roti dan kemasan proses-Dalam hal ini waktu melalui-Put akan 1,75 jam. Dalam kasus di mana kami beroperasi operasi kemasan untuk tiga shift, menunggu rata-rata dalam pekerjaan-in-Process persediaan perlu dipertimbangkan. Jika kedua pembuatan roti operasi dimulai pada saat yang sama, maka pada akhir jam pertama 100 roti pertama segera pindah ke dalam kemasan sedangkan 100 roti kedua menunggu. Waktu tunggu untuk setiap kelompok l00Joaf meningkat sampai baking dilakukan pada akhir shift kedua.
Ini adalah kasus di mana Hukum Little dapat memperkirakan waktu bahwa roti yang duduk dalam pekerjaan-dalam proses. Untuk menerapkan Hukum Little kita perlu memperkirakan rata-rata kerja-in-proses antara pembuatan roti dan kemasan. Selama persediaan dua shift pertama membangun dari 0 sampai 1.200 roti. Kita dapat memperkirakan rata-rata kerja-in-proses selama periode 16-jam menjadi 600 roti (setengah maksimum). Selama persediaan delapan jam pergeseran terakhir turun dari maksimum 1.200 loaf turun ke 0. Sekali lagi rata-rata kerja-in-proses adalah 600 roti. Mengingat ini-rata-rata keseluruhan selama periode 24-jam hanya 600 potong roti. Proses pengepakan membatasi tbr waktu siklus proses untuk 0,75 jam per t00 roti (menganggap bahwa roti yang dikemas dalam batch). Dan ini setara dengan suatu tingkat throughput 133,3 loaves4rour (100/0.75 = 133,3). Hukum Little menghitung bahwa waktu rata-rata yang roti dalam pekerjaan-proses-adalah 4,5 jam (600 loaves/133.3 roti / jam).
Waktu total throughput adalah waktu bahwa roti dalam pekerjaan-in-proses ditambah waktu operasi untuk pembuatan roti-dan proses pengemasan. Waktu total throughput kemudian adalah 6,25 jam (l jam untuk pembuatan roti + 4,5 jam dalam persediaan + 0,75 jam kemasan).

Sebuah OPERASI RESTORAN
CONTOH 5.2: Restoran A
Roti kami beroperasi dalam apa yang disebut sebagai stabil basi, yang berarti bahwa operasi akan dimulai dan berjalan pada tingkat yang stabil selama seluruh waktu itu dalam operasi. Output dari proses basi stabil disesuaikan dengan pengaturan {dia jumlah waktu bahwa operasi dijalankan. Dalam kasus toko roti, kita mengasumsikan bahwa roti pembuatan bekerja selama tiga shift dan kemasan untuk dua shift.
Sebuah restoran tidak dapat berjalan dengan cara ini. Restoran harus menanggapi permintaan pelanggan yang berbeda-beda sepanjang hari. Selama beberapa waktu puncak, mungkin mustahil untuk melayani semua pelanggan dengan segera, dan beberapa pelanggan mungkin harus menunggu untuk duduk. Restoran, karena ini permintaan yang beragam, adalah Proses negara non-stabil. Perlu diingat bahwa banyak item menu di restoran dapat menjadi pra-siap. Pra-siap item, salad, dan makanan penutup misalnya, membantu mempercepat proses yang harus dilakukan ketika pelanggan berada di restoran yang dilayani.
Pertimbangkan restoran di kasino yang telah kita bahas sebelumnya. Karena itu penting bahwa pelanggan dilayani dengan cepat, manajer telah menyiapkan pengaturan prasmanan di mana pelanggan melayani diri mereka sendiri. Prasmanan terus diisi ulang untuk menjaga barang-barang segar. Untuk layanan kecepatan lanjut, jumlah tetap dibebankan untuk makan, tidak peduli apa yang pelanggan makan. Asumsikan bahwa kita telah merancang prasmanan sehingga pelanggan kami mengambil rata-rata 30 menit untuk mendapatkan makanan mereka dan makan. Selanjutnya, menganggap bahwa mereka biasanya kucing dalam kelompok (atau pihak pelanggan) dari dua atau tiga ke sebuah meja. Restoran memiliki 40 meja. Setiap meja dapat menampung empat orang-Berapa kapasitas maksimum restoran ini?
SOLUSI
Sangat mudah untuk melihat bahwa restoran dapat menampung 160 orang duduk di meja pada suatu waktu. Sebenarnya, dalam situasi ini mungkin akan lebih mudah untuk mengukur kemampuan dalam hal pihak pelanggan karena ini adalah bagaimana kapasitas akan digunakan. Jika pihak pelanggan rata-rata adalah 2,5 individu, maka pemanfaatan kotoran rata-rata adalah 625 persen (2,5 kursi / pihak ÷ 4 kursi / meja) ketika restoran ini beroperasi pada kapasitas. Waktu siklus untuk restoran, ketika beroperasi pada kapasitas, adalah 0-75 menit (30 menit / table ÷ 40 tabel). Jadi rata-rata meja akan menjadi tersedia setiap 45 detik. Restoran bisa menangani pihak pelanggan 80 per jam (60 menit + 0,75 menit / pihak).
Masalah dengan restoran ini adalah bahwa semua orang ingin makan pada waktu yang sama. Manajemen telah mengumpulkan data dan mengharapkan profil berikut untuk pihak pelanggan tiba saat makan siang, yang berlangsung dari 11:30 PM sampai busur Pelanggan 01:30 menyengat hanya sampai 1:00
WAKTU TIBA PIHAK
11:30-11:45 15
11:45 - 12.00 35
12:00-00:15 30
12:15-12:30 15
12:30-00:45 10
12:45-01:00 5
Jumlah pihak 110
Karena restoran beroperasi selama dua jam untuk makan siang dan kapasitas adalah pihak pelanggan 80 per jam, tidak muncul bahwa restoran memiliki masalah. Pada kenyataannya, meskipun, ada masalah karena aliran yang tidak merata dari pelanggan ke restoran. Sebuah cara sederhana untuk menganalisis situasi adalah untuk menghitung berapa kami berharap sistem untuk melihat dari segi jumlah pelanggan yang dilayani dan nomor mengantri pada akhir setiap interval l5 menit. Pikirkan ini sebagai menyapu snapshot dari restoran setiap 15 menit.
Kunci untuk memahami analisis adalah untuk melihat kumulatif angka-Perbedaan antara kedatangan kumulatif dan keberangkatan kumulatif adalah jumlah pihak pelanggan di restoran (yang duduk di meja dan mereka menunggu). Karena hanya ada 40 meja, ketika perbedaan kumulatif melalui interval waktu lebih besar dari 40, sebuah bentuk garis tunggu. Ketika semua 40 meja sibuk, sistem ini beroperasi pada kapasitas: dan, dari perhitungan sebelumnya, kita tahu waktu siklus untuk seluruh restoran yang 45 detik per pihak pelanggan saat ini (ini berarti bahwa rata-rata meja mengosongkan setiap 45 detik atau 20 meja kosong selama setiap interval l5 menit). Partai terakhir akan perlu menunggu semua pihak sebelumnya untuk mendapatkan meja, sehingga waktu tunggu yang diharapkan adalah jumlah pries dalam waktu dikalikan dengan waktu siklus.
TABEL Dan GRAFIK
Analisis menunjukkan bahwa dengan 12 siang. 10 pihak pelanggan yang mengantri. Baris ini membangun sampai 25 pihak dengan 12:15. Garis menunggu lebih pendek hanya l0 pihak dengan 12:45.
Jadi apa yang bisa kita lakukan untuk memecahkan masalah garis tunggu kita? Satu ide mungkin untuk mempersingkat waktu siklus untuk satu meja, pelanggan bur tampaknya tidak akan bergegas melalui makan siang mereka dalam waktu kurang dari 30 menit. Ide lain akan menambahkan tabel. Jika restoran bisa menambahkan 25 meja, kemudian menunggu tidak akan diharapkan. Tentu saja, ini telinga akan menjadi ruang yang digunakan untuk mesin slot, sehingga alternatif ini mungkin tidak menarik bagi manajemen kasino. Ide akhir mungkin meringkuk Pihak di meja, sehingga mendapatkan pemanfaatan kursi yang lebih tinggi. Dua kali lipat mungkin menjadi hal termudah untuk mencoba. Jika 25 keluar dari 40 meja yang dua kali lipat, masalah kita akan terpecahkan.

PERENCANAAN DAERAH OPERASI BUS TRANSIT
CONTOH 5.3: Transit Operasi Bus
Contoh terakhir melibatkan sistem logistik. Logistik merujuk pada gerakan hal-hal seperti bahan, orang, atau barang jadi. Contoh kami melibatkan rute bus yang akan khas yang digunakan di kampus atau di daerah metropolitan. Sebuah analisis yang sama dapat digunakan untuk menganalisa rute pesawat, rute truk, atau kapal. Mirip dengan restoran, sebuah rute transit bus tidak beroperasi dalam kondisi mapan. Ada puncak yang pasti dalam permintaan selama hari dan malam. Pendekatan yang baik untuk mengambil, sama seperti yang dilakukan dengan restoran, adalah untuk menganalisis periode yang berbeda dari waktu yang mewakili berbagai jenis pola permintaan ditempatkan pada layanan. Analisis ini berbeda dapat disebut sebagai skenario. Tergantung pada situasi, mungkin masuk akal untuk mengembangkan salah satu solusi yang mencakup semua skenario yang relevan atau satu set solusi untuk skenario yang berbeda.
Sebuah rute bus besar adalah Balabus, atau "bus wisata," di Paris. Rute ini loop melewati semua atraksi utama di Paris. Beberapa tempat wisata di sepanjang rute termasuk Notre-Dame, Louvre, Concorde, Champs-Elysees. Arc de Triomphe. Menara Eiffel, dan lain-lain.
Pertimbangkan masalah perencanaan jumlah bus yang dibutuhkan untuk melayani rute ini. Sejumlah faktor perlu dipertimbangkan. Mari kita berasumsi bahwa bus tunggal memakan waktu tepat dua jam untuk melintasi rute saat puncak lalu lintas. Perusahaan bus telah merancang penundaan dalam rute sehingga meskipun lalu lintas sedang sibuk bus dapat terus sesuai jadwal. Rute ini memiliki 60 halte, meskipun bus berhenti hanya ketika penumpang pada permintaan bus berhenti atau saat pengemudi melihat pelanggan menunggu untuk papan di halte. Setiap bus memiliki tempat duduk kapasitas sekitar 50 penumpang, dan 30 penumpang bisa berdiri. Rute ini sibuk hampir sepanjang hari karena pengunjung ke kota cenderung mulai mengunjungi situs awal dan berlanjut sampai gelap. Akhirnya, otoritas transit yang ingin memberikan pelayanan yang baik dan memiliki kapasitas yang cukup untuk menangani beban puncak pelanggan. Berikut ini adalah analisis situasi.
SOLUSI
Sebuah ukuran kunci adalah berapa lama layanan pelanggan harus menunggu sebelum kedatangan bus. Pertimbangkan awalnya kasus hanya bus tunggal yang melayani rute. Jika seseorang pada waktu acak datang ke halte bus, kita tahu bahwa waktu maksimum yang kebutuhan pelanggan menunggu o adalah dua jam. Di sini kita mengasumsikan bahwa bus mampu menutupi rute tepat dua jam. Jika ada variabilitas yang signifikan dalam waktu siklus, waktu tunggu naik. Kami membahas dampak dari variabilitas dalam Catatan Teknis 6. Ini akan menjadi kasus menunggu pelanggan beruntung hanya merindukan bus. Jika bus sudah setengah jalan melalui rute (relatif terhadap mana pelanggan menunggu), maka pelanggan harus menunggu satu jam. Melanjutkan dengan logika ini, kita dapat memperkirakan waktu tunggu rata-rata untuk pelanggan menjadi satu jam. Secara umum, kita dapat mengatakan bahwa waktu tunggu rata-rata akan menjadi setengah waktu siklus proses. Jika dua bus yang digunakan, waktu siklus adalah satu jam dan menunggu rata-rata 30 menit. Jika kita ingin menunggu rata-rata menjadi dua menit, maka waktu siklus yang dibutuhkan adalah empat menit, dan 30 bus yang dibutuhkan busur (120 menit ÷ 4 menit / bus = 30 bus).
Masalah berikutnya terkait dengan kapasitas sistem. Jika kita memiliki 30 bus pada rute dan setiap kursi penumpang bus 50 dengan yang lain berdiri 30, kita tahu bahwa kita dapat menampung 1.500 penumpang duduk atau 2.400 total pada satu titik waktu.
Asumsikan bahwa tabel berikut adalah perkiraan jumlah penumpang yang bepergian rute selama hari musim liburan yang khas. Tabel menunjukkan perhitungan jumlah kapasitas bus diperlukan selama setiap jam. Jika pelanggan naik bus selama 45 menit, maka satu kursi yang diperlukan selama 45 menit, atau 0,75 jam, untuk menangani penumpang yang. Tentu saja, 60 menit, atau nilai satu jam penuh, kapasitas yang tersedia untuk setiap kursi yang kita miliki. Pada pemanfaatan maksimum termasuk berdiri, setiap bus dapat menangani senilai jam penumpang 80 'beban. Membagi beban penumpang yang diharapkan selama jam dengan beban maksimum untuk bus tunggal menghitung jumlah minimal bus diperlukan. Demikian pula, membagi penumpang diharapkan dipimpin oleh jumlah kursi di setiap bus menghitung jumlah bus yang dibutuhkan sehingga semua penumpang dapat duduk.
TABEL
Dari analisis, jika Paris angkutan otoritas hanya menggunakan 30 bus sepanjang hari, banyak orang akan perlu untuk berdiri. Selanjutnya, selama sibuk pagi antara 10 dan 11 pagi dan terburu-buru malam antara 5 dan 6 piaraan tidak semua pelanggan dapat ditampung. Tampaknya masuk akal bahwa setidaknya 40 bus harus digunakan 09:00-07:00 Bahkan dengan ini jumlah bus, yang diharapkan penumpang akan berdiri sebagian besar waktu.
Jika otoritas transit yang memutuskan untuk menggunakan 40 bus antara jam 8 pagi diperpanjang melalui 8 PM apa akan menjadi pemanfaatan rata-rata bus dalam hal kursi yang diduduki? Selama periode 12-jam, 24.000 kursi-jam dari kapasitas akan tersedia (40 bus x 12 jam x 50 kursi / bus). Tabel tersebut menunjukkan bahwa 25.875 kursi-jam diperlukan. Pemanfaatannya akan 107,8 Persen (25.575/24, 000 x 100). Apa artinya ini adalah bahwa rata-rata 7,8 persen dari pelanggan harus berdiri. Tentu saja, ini nilai rata-rata secara signifikan understates masalah kapasitas berat yang terjadi pada masa puncak hari.

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