A Brief History of HCI
A BRIEF HISTORY OF HCI
13.1 Early Interfaces
Memex (1945)
. Vannevar Bush, 1945 [Bush, 1945b].
. Memex = “memory extender”.
. Hypothetical design (never built) based on microfilm technology and mechanical levers integrated into a large desk.
. Vision of document repository with links between documents.
. “Trails” = chained sequence of links.
. Personal annotations.
Memex Chronology
. Bush started to formulate Memex ideas in 1932 [Nyce and Kahn, 1991, page 42].
. Draft sent to FORTUNE magazine on 07 Dec 1939 [Nyce and Kahn, 1991, page 52], but publication delayed by USA entering World War 2.
. Bush was presidential science advisor during World War 2.
. Memex article finally published in July 1945 in the Atlantic Monthly [Bush, 1945b].
. A condensed version, with new illustrations by Alfred D. Crimi, was printed on 10 Sep 1945 in LIFE Magazine [Bush, 1945a].
. Later also reprinted in Nyce and Kahn [1991] and Bush [1996].
. Second, revised article published in 1967 [Bush, 1967], also reprinted in Nyce and Kahn [1991].
SketchPad (1963)
. Ivan Sutherland, PhD Thesis, MIT, 1963.
. Drawing editor with built-in constraint solver.
. First graphical user interface: using a CRT and a lightpen (and various switches and knobs).
. First use of “windows” (virtual sheets of paper).
. First object-oriented program.
. Original PhD (scanned by MIT) [Sutherland, 1963a], reconstructed electronic edition produced by University of Cambridge [Sutherland, 1963b].
. Some video of SketchPad can be seen on Alan Kay’s video [Kay, 1987, at 00:04:06] and in the 1964 Science Reporter episode [Fitch, 1964].
13.1. EARLY INTERFACES
Figure 13.1: The memex device. [Screen shot from the Memex animation [Adelman and Kahn, 1995], used with kind permission of Paul Kahn.]
Figure 13.2: Part of a trail (A5) about the English long bow. Here a link between pages 3GK27 and 5AKD78R. [Screen shot from the Memex animation [Adelman and Kahn, 1995], used with kind
13.1 Early Interfaces
Memex (1945)
. Vannevar Bush, 1945 [Bush, 1945b].
. Memex = “memory extender”.
. Hypothetical design (never built) based on microfilm technology and mechanical levers integrated into a large desk.
. Vision of document repository with links between documents.
. “Trails” = chained sequence of links.
. Personal annotations.
Memex Chronology
. Bush started to formulate Memex ideas in 1932 [Nyce and Kahn, 1991, page 42].
. Draft sent to FORTUNE magazine on 07 Dec 1939 [Nyce and Kahn, 1991, page 52], but publication delayed by USA entering World War 2.
. Bush was presidential science advisor during World War 2.
. Memex article finally published in July 1945 in the Atlantic Monthly [Bush, 1945b].
. A condensed version, with new illustrations by Alfred D. Crimi, was printed on 10 Sep 1945 in LIFE Magazine [Bush, 1945a].
. Later also reprinted in Nyce and Kahn [1991] and Bush [1996].
. Second, revised article published in 1967 [Bush, 1967], also reprinted in Nyce and Kahn [1991].
SketchPad (1963)
. Ivan Sutherland, PhD Thesis, MIT, 1963.
. Drawing editor with built-in constraint solver.
. First graphical user interface: using a CRT and a lightpen (and various switches and knobs).
. First use of “windows” (virtual sheets of paper).
. First object-oriented program.
. Original PhD (scanned by MIT) [Sutherland, 1963a], reconstructed electronic edition produced by University of Cambridge [Sutherland, 1963b].
. Some video of SketchPad can be seen on Alan Kay’s video [Kay, 1987, at 00:04:06] and in the 1964 Science Reporter episode [Fitch, 1964].
13.1. EARLY INTERFACES
Figure 13.1: The memex device. [Screen shot from the Memex animation [Adelman and Kahn, 1995], used with kind permission of Paul Kahn.]
Figure 13.2: Part of a trail (A5) about the English long bow. Here a link between pages 3GK27 and 5AKD78R. [Screen shot from the Memex animation [Adelman and Kahn, 1995], used with kind