Preview

A Comparative Study of Depression and Anxiety Among Alcoholics and Non-Alcoholics

Powerful Essays
Open Document
Open Document
2746 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
A Comparative Study of Depression and Anxiety Among Alcoholics and Non-Alcoholics
“A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY AMONG ALCOHOLICS AND NON-ALCOHOLICS”
Dr. Kr. Sajid Ali Khan* & Vijayshri** Abstract Alcohol is one of the most widely used drug substances in the world. For many people, drinking alcohol is nothing more than a pleasant way to relax. People with alcohol use disorders, however, drink to excess, endangering both themselves and others. In the mental health area alcoholism is caused mostly by depression, anxiety and stress, on the other hand it also leads to depression and stress.
The present study aims to compare depression and anxiety among alcoholics and non- alcoholics. It was assumed that depression and anxiety may be the risk factors for alcoholism. A sample of 100 people (50 alcoholics and 50 non-alcoholics) was randomly selected from Delhi. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to collect data on depression and anxiety. t-test was administered to compare two groups. The result of the study showed that alcoholic group was higher on depression as well as anxiety than the non alcoholic group, and it was also found that there is no clear cut casual relationship between alcoholism and depression and anxiety.

Alcoholism is perhaps most strongly associated with antisocial personality disorder and drug abuse, but its relationship to other forms of psychopathology has become increasingly evident. In particular, investigations of alcoholic samples indicate a strong co-occurrence of alcoholism with diverse form of anxiety and depressive disorder (Barbor et al, 1992; Chambless et al, 1987; Hasegawa 1991; keller 1994; Nunes, Quitkin & Berman, 1988; Penick, 1994; Schuckit, Irwin & Brown, 1990).
______________________________________________________________________
*Associate professor, Deptt. Of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
**Research scholar, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
According to



References: Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., Steer, R.A. (1988). “An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric Properties, Journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology; 56:893-897 Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, B.K Chambless, D., Cherney, J., Caputo, G., Rheinstein, B. (1987). Anxiety disorders and alcoholism: A study with inpatient alcoholics. J Anxiety Disord; 1:29-40. Hasegawa, K., Mukasa, H., Nakazawa, Y., HK., Nakamura, K. (1991). Primary and secondary depression in alcoholism-clinical features and family history. Drug Alcohol Depend; 27:275-281. Helzer, J., Pryzbeck, T. (1988). The co-occurrence of alcoholism with other psychiatric disorders in the general population and its impact on treatment. J Stud Alcohol; 49:219-224. Hesselbrock, M., Meyer, R., Keener, J. (1985). Psychopathology in hospitalized alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry; 42:1050- 1055. Keller, M. (1994). Dysthymia in clinical practice: Course, outcome and impact on the community. Acta Psychiatr Scand; 383(Suppl):24-34. Lader, M. (1972). The nature of anxiety. Br J Psychiatry; 121: 481-491. Mendelson, J., Mello, N. (1979). Medical progress: Biologic concomitants of alcoholism. N Engl J Med; 301:912-921. Mendelssohn, V.P. (1963). Depression in incyclopedia of mental health. Vol.II, Franklin Walts, Inc. Merikangas, K., Leckman, J., Prusoff, B., Pauls, D., Weissman, M. (1985). Familial transmission of depression and alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry ; 42:367-372. Meyer, R., Kranzler, H. (1990). Alcohol abuse/dependence and co-morbid anxiety and depression. In: Maser J, Cloninger C (eds): Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press: 283-292. Moscato, B., Russell, M., Zielezny, M. (1997). Gender differences in the relation between depressive symptoms and alcohol problems: a longitudinal perspective. American Journal of Epidemiology; 146: 966-974. Nathan, P., O 'Brien, J., Lowenstein, L. (1971). Operant studies of chronic alcoholism: Interaction of alcohol and alcoholics. In: Roach, P., Mclssac, W., Creaven, P. (eds): Biological Aspects of Alcohol. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press;. Nijhawan, H. K. (1972). Anxiety in school children. New Delhi : Wiley Eastern Private Limited. Nunes, E., Quitkin, F., Berman, C. (1988). Panic disorder and depression in female alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; 49:441- 443. Penick, E., Powell, B., Nickel, E., Bingham, S., Riesenmy, K., Read, M. (1994). Comorbidity of lifetime psychiatric disorder among male alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res; 18:1289-1293. Regier, D., Farmer, M., Rae, D., Locke, B., Keith, S., Judd, L. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. JAMA; 264:2511-2518. Schuckit, M. (1983). Alcoholic patients with secondary depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140: 711-714. Schuckit, M., Hesselbrock, V. (1994). Alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders: What is the relationship? Am J Psychiatry, 151:1723-1734. Schuckit, M., Irwin, M., Brown, S. (1990) .The history of anxiety symptoms among 171 primary alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol; 51:34-41. Schuckit, M., Irwin, M., Smith, T. (1994). One-year incidence rate of major depression and other psychiatric disorders in 239 alcoholic men. Addiction ; 89:441-445. Schuckit, M., Tipp, J., Bergman, M., Reich, W., Hesselbrock, V., Smith, T. (1997). Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorder in 2,945 alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry; 154:948-957. Singleton, N. Lewis, G. (2003). Better or Worse: A Longitudinal Study of the Mental Health of Adults Living in Private Households in Great Britain. London: Stationery Office. Stockwell, T., Hodgson, R., Rankin, H. (1982). Tension reduction and the effects of prolonged alcohol consumption. Br J Addict; 77:65-73. Stockwell, T., Smail, P., Hodgson, R., Canter, S. (1984). Alcohol dependence and phobic anxiety states. II. A retrospective study. Br J Psychiatry; 144:58-63. Swendsen, J., Merikangas, K., Canino,G. (1998). The comorbidity of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders in four geographic communities. Comprehensive Psychiatry; 39:176-184. Torgersen, S. (1986). Childhood and family characteristics in panic and generalized anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry; 143:630-632 Wang, J

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Better Essays

    References: Brody, Jane E. (4 May 2009). High Functioning, but Still Alcoholics. New York Times Health. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/health/05brod.html…

    • 1614 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Good Essays

    The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration has conducted national surveys to monitor alcohol use prevalence and trends since the early 1960s, very few of these surveys have measured psychiatric syndromes that constitute alcohol dependence (Department of Health and Human Services, 1993; Johnston et al., 1992). Estimates of alcohol use alone are not informative in determining the magnitude and characteristics of that subgroup of alcohol users who are experiencing serious alcohol-related problems that require treatment or in determining the critical relationship between alcohol use and dependence. Therefore, in order to diagnosis it correctly; a thorough detailed correlation must be assessed.…

    • 595 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Grant, B and Dawson, D. Age at Onset of Alcohol Use and its Association with DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. 1997; Volume 9.…

    • 7764 Words
    • 32 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Kellett, S. K. (2002). Causal attributions for problem drinking: Gender differences and predictors of therapeutic outcome. (Order No. U158572, University of Leicester (United Kingdom)). PQDT - UK & Ireland, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/301562982?accountid=35796. (301562982).…

    • 601 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Levola, J., Holopainen, A., & Aalto, M. (2011). Depression and heavy drinking occasions: A cross-sectional general population study. Addictive Behaviors, 36(4), 375-380. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.12.015…

    • 8675 Words
    • 35 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    12 step paper

    • 1127 Words
    • 7 Pages

    Cited: 1. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc., (2004). The Big Book Of Alcoholics Anonymous. New York, NY: First Printing.…

    • 1127 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    People with severe mental disorders also experience a co-occurring substance abuse problem; approximately 50% of individuals with a mental disorder are also affected by substance abuse; 37% are alcohol abusers, 53% drug abusers (Medline). This is also called dual diagnosis which is when someone has a mental disorder and alcohol or drug dependence (Medline). It occurs with depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, or personality disorders (Medline). The interviewee for this paper has been dually diagnosed with depression and has a history of alcohol/l…

    • 1017 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Heather, Nick, and Tim Stockwell. The Essential Handbook of Treatment and Prevention of Alcohol Problems. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2004. Print.…

    • 1626 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    People with alcohol use disorders often have co-occurring psychiatric disorders, but they frequently do not receive specialized substance abuse treatment that addresses both conditions. Although pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for alcohol use disorders and psychiatric disorders can be integrated to help these patients, relatively few clinical studies have tested these types of treatments. As mental health and substance abuse facilities expand their services for patients with dual disorders, further research is needed to guide the treatment of this patient population.…

    • 842 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Even though the interaction among various factors and alcohol abuse and depression is complex, there are very specific elements that contribute to both depression and alcohol abuse that are unique to the nursing profession. Examples of this are the issues of workplace violence directed at women, and unfair discipline directed mainly towards men. These two factors are specific within nursing and interact and compound other nurse-related issues which only makes the stress that arise from these two issues even more…

    • 1226 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Children of Alcoholics

    • 1799 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Growing up in an alcoholic family is certainly traumatic. In these homes, children experience a daily environment of inconsistency, chaos, fear, abandonment, denial, and real or potential violence. Survival becomes a full-time job. While most of us know that alcoholism is a disease, too few recognize it as a family disease, which may emotionally, spiritually and often physically, affect, not only the alcoholic but each member of the family. Little emotional energy remains to consistently fulfill the many needs of children who become victims of the family illness. For many years, professional psychologists were barely aware of the vast pool of suffering of the family of alcoholics. They concentrated on healing the alcoholic and felt that it solved the problems of the family as well. Today they realize that the whole family suffers this sickness and all must be made well. By looking at what it is like to live in a alcoholic's home, the side effects, and how to cope with the problem there will be evidence to see how the disease negatively affects the children.…

    • 1799 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Ptsd and Alcoholism

    • 1661 Words
    • 7 Pages

    This research proposes to examine and analyze the impacts of PTSD and alcoholism among Gulf War veterans recovering from these comorbidities. The research additionally proposes to investigate and…

    • 1661 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    The Long Road to Recovery

    • 2877 Words
    • 12 Pages

    Burge, S.K., and Schneider, F.D., (1999) Alcohol related problems: Recognition and intervention. Retrieved Feb. 28, 2010, from www.aafp.org…

    • 2877 Words
    • 12 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    A propers brain development had been put at risk by over consuming alcohol beverages. Mental issues like depression and anxiety may exacerbate when alcohol is being consumed. Also, alcohol abuse ofter creates mental frustrations. In fact,” the National Comorbidity Survey found in 1997 that alcoholics were two to three times more likely than non-alcoholics to also have an anxiety disorder. Another study, NIAAA’s National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey, found that those with a history of alcohol dependence (even former drinkers), had a more than fourfold-increased risk for a major depressive episode than those without a history of alcohol dependence” (1) . Although frequent teenage alcohol abuse may cause a drastic body changes. The loss or even gain weigh are may be very severe, which also may lead the abuser to feel depressed,anxious or even suicidal. In fact, Alcohol is involved over a quarter of all suicides in the US (approximately 7500 per year).…

    • 822 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    The term “alcoholism” describes a drinker who is mentally and physically dependent on alcohol, and who would most likely have withdrawal symptoms upon trying to quit. This dependence prevents most alcoholics from being able to control when they drink and how much they drink. For that reason, alcoholics usually drink to excess despite the consequences. Alcoholism, like any addiction, is a chronic disorder which involves continued use despite negative consequences and requires ongoing treatment and management. This research paper will cover many aspects of alcoholism including the causes and effects of drinking and different treatment approaches.…

    • 2743 Words
    • 11 Pages
    Powerful Essays