5. What is the point of Descartes' doubt about having a body? Why can't a thing that thinks, an "I think" (cogito), be a body? What is a body?…
Based upon the belief that the mind and body are two separate entities, philosophers, such as Rene Descartes, support the Substance Dualism theory of mind, arguing that the mind, which is a thinking entity, may exist without the body, which is a physical extension, because it is its own individual substance of matter. In Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, he puts all concepts of previous certainty into question, intentionally leaving the reader with skepticism towards the concept of knowledge and mental capacity at large. Further, he continues to contend that the mind is distinctly different than the body and can be innovated due to its ability to think, whereas the body is merely a tangible and measureable dimension with no greater abilities, such as thinking or experiencing emotion. Additionally, Descartes further describes the ideas held by Substance Dualists through detailing that under this theory of mind, all entities are…
The 2014 Winter Olympic Games will take place in Sochi Russia. For a period of time Sochi will become the home to more than 60 countries and will be abundant with many different cultures. In order for the Games to become a success, several managerial tasks will need to be accomplished. Once those tasks have been implemented, their results will determine how the rest of the world perceives the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Games. This case analysis aims to break down the main concepts of the “Management Across Cultures” text and ideals from class and integrate these concepts and ideals into a structured plan that would be applied to manage the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic Games.…
Methods and Meditations on First Philosophy is a discourse by Rene Descartes, which largely focuses on the nature of humanity and divinity. This essay is a discussion of this discourse, and will summarize, explain and object to various parts of his work. The majority of this essay focuses on Descartes Sixth Meditation, which includes his argument that corporeal things do exist.…
In Meditations on First Philosophy, René Descartes concludes that we are distinct from our body, and can exist without it. Seen from a modern materialist’s perspective, Descartes’ view is quite obviously wrong. However, assuming no knowledge of modern science, we should still be able to disprove his conclusion by looking for flaws in his reasoning in the text. In this essay, I will examine three relevant arguments Descartes presents in his sixth meditation and point out their flaws respectively.…
Hartfield, G., (2002). Philosophy Guidebook to Descartes and The meditation. Routledge Philosophy Guidebook. New york, NY: Routledge.…
He states that one can understand the mind to exist separately from the body. The middle term of the argument, as noted in the major premise is the separate understanding of two things, and he presents the idea of mind and body as the minor term. Descartes devotes a larger share of the argument to defending the minor premise, perhaps because the idea of body and mind as separate substances is more controversial than a general notion of separate substances as distinct. He goes on to expound not only the idea that the mind and body are separate, but that the essence of the human being lies in its nature as a thinking thing. As thought is the essence of the human being, and the principle attribute of the mind is thought, the mind can therefore be seen as more fundamental to humans than the body. Descartes acknowledges that it is likely for a body to be joined to the mind, however he maintains that one can still conceive of both body and mind as separate substances. And as the essence of the body is extension rather than thought, it is fundamentally less relevant to a thinking…
Without God to create other objects, the Meditator has nothing to think about or to have first impressions of. As Descartes makes the premise for thoughts that one needs to have intentionality, to have intentionality, other objects are needed. For example, if Tom from Pittsburg wants to think about an alien dog he would have to have intentionality. To have intentionality of the alien dog, he would need an object, in this case a space dog. If a person sees snow for the first time, they are able to think that it is cold, fluffy, beautiful — a plethora of thoughts. Without the “snow”, the Meditator has no thoughts of the snow to adhere it to. Existence is the essential ingredient of the argument; Descartes states that the criteria for the hypothetical situation at hand is that if one can think then they can exist. Without other objects nothing exists…including the Mediator. The Mediator himself may try to say that since he is physically alive, something exists. But he himself cannot see other objects to provide a template of thought — he cannot come up with thoughts of non-present objects , consequently, he really cannot think at all. If he is alone in the universe, the Meditator has no knowledge of Disneyland and therefore cannot think of such a…
6- ‘My essence consists solely in the fact that I am a thinking thing…’- Descartes…
In Descartes’s first principle of philosophy, “I think, therefore I am”, makes mind more certain than matter. It also showed that the mind which is a thinking thing can exist apart from its extended body. Hence, Descartes said that the mind is a substance that is different from the body (a substance whose essence is thought). This became known as “Substance Dualism” (view that the mind and body function separately, without interchange) or “Cartesian Dualism” (view that there is a two-way interaction between mental and physical substances).…
Both Descartes and Berkeley had a thesis of mediate perception. These theses however, were not the same. The difference, you see, is in how they perceive physical objects. Descartes develops a somewhat realist view in his meditations while Berkeley argues that his non-realist perception can sufficiently account for anything a realist would be able to with their system of philosophy. Essentially, Berkeley states that what Descartes believes as corporeal is simply a false understanding of the ideas given to him by God.…
What is dualism? What is the essence of the Res Cogitans? Explain in detail how Descartes discovered this essence. Explain the “piece of wax argument.” What does the “wax argument” prove? How does Descartes prove that corporeal substance exists and that the mind is separate and distinct from the body? * Do you find his argument convincing? Why or why not? Give reasons for your answer. (*Be sure to discuss, God, the distinction between types of ideas, and the distinction between the two substances.)…
Unfortunately for mechanism, the mind is impossible to define in mechanical terms, as it is not a corporeal substance that can be measured. Descartes responds to this problem with dualism, saying that the mind is a “thinking thing” which is the essence of himself. This “thing” doubts, believes, hopes and thinks, all the while existing only in a…
In his first Meditation, he describes that our ordinary experience of the world cannot guarantee a good foundation on which all knowledge is based upon. His second Meditation begins with Descartes wondering if there really is anything that we can know. He notices problem with our senses; optical illusions. He continues doubting the credibility of his senses by noting that we perceive distant objects to be smaller than they really are.…
Descartes, R, Murdoch, D. & Cottingham, J.The philosophical writings of Descartes, Volume 2. Reprint. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.…