APUSH Midterm Review

1) Settlement of Boston, Massachusetts, Plymouth, Puritans
2) To farm and harvest TOBACCO; slaves, plantation workers- TRIANGLE TRADE
a) Reduced migration by increasing wages especially in Southern colonies
b) Dependable work force
c) Cheap labor
3) Mercantilism is the idea that colonies existed for the benefit of the Mother Country. In other words, the American colonists could be compared to tenants who 'paid rent' by providing materials for export to Britain. Colonizing America meant that Britain greatly increased its base of wealth. To keep the profits, Britain tried to keep a greater number of exports than imports.
4) The Great Awakening was a spiritual renewal that swept the American Colonies, particularly New England, during the first half of the 18th Century. In late 17th Century England, fighting between religious and political groups came to a halt with the Glorious Revolution of 1688, an event which established the Church of England as the reigning church of the country. The Awakening’s biggest significance was the way it prepared America for its War of Independence. In the decades before the war, revivalism taught people that they could be bold when confronting religious authority and that when churches weren’t living up to the believers’ expectations, the people could break off and form new ones.
5) The Mayflower Compact and the House of Burgesses set the stage for American democracy. The House of Burgesses limited royal authority and increased citizen participation in the colonial government. The experimental democracy became the living example of how to create a democratic government for the United States. It seems that it became a model for other English colonies to follow. Such as the Southern Colonies and those would be Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
a) The colonists drew upon their claims to traditional English rights and insisted on raising their own representative assemblies. Such was the case with the VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES, the first popularly elected legislature in the New World. The House of Burgesses they was the first representative assembly in the colonies, which helped to bring order to the colonies.
b) The Mayflower Compact was the first democratic document in the New World. It set up a "civil body politic" and pledged the good of the whole over the individual. Rosseau called it a "social contract" where a group of people give up certain rights so that other rights can be protected.
6) The American Revolution began in 1775 as open conflict between the united thirteen colonies and Great Britain. By the Treaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783, the colonies had won their independence. While no one event can be pointed to as the actual cause of the revolution, the war began as a disagreement over the way in which Great Britain treated the colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. Americans felt they deserved all the rights of Englishmen. The British, on the other hand, felt that the colonies were created to be used in the way that best suited the crown and parliament. This conflict is embodied in one of the rallying cries of the American Revolution: No Taxation Without Representation.
a) 1754-1763 - French and Indian War
This war between Britain and France ended with the victorious British deeply in debt and demanding more revenue from the colonies. With the defeat of the French, the colonies became less dependent on Britain for protection.
b) 1763 - Proclamation of 1763
This prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains. While Britain did not intend to harm the colonists, many colonists took offense at this order.
c) 1764 - Sugar Act
This act raised revenue by increasing duties on sugar imported from the West Indies.
d) 1764 - Currency Act
Parliament argued that colonial currency had caused devaluation harmful to British trade. They banned American assemblies from issuing paper bills or bills of credit.

e) 1765 - Quartering Act
Britain ordered that colonists were to house and feed British soldiers if necessary.
f) 1765 - Stamp Act
This required tax stamps on many items and documents including playing cards, newspapers, and marriage licenses.
g) 1765 - Stamp Act Congress
In 1765, 27 delegates from nine colonies met in New York City and drew up a statement of rights and grievances thereby bringing colonies together in opposition to Britain.
h) 1770 - Boston Massacre
The colonists and British soldiers openly clashed in Boston. This event was used as an example of British cruelty despite questions about how it actually occurred.
i) 1773 - Tea Act
To assist the failing British East India Company, the Company was given a monopoly to trade tea in America.
j) 1773 - Boston Tea Party
A group of colonists disguised as Indians dumped tea overboard from three ships in Boston Harbor.
k) 1774 - Intolerable Acts
These were passed in response to the Boston Tea Party and placed restrictions on the colonists including outlawing town meetings and the closing of Boston Harbor.
l) 1774 - First Continental Congress
In response to the Intolerable Acts, 12 of the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia from September-October, 1774. One of the main results of this was the creation of The Association calling for a boycott of British goods.
m) 1775 - Lexington and Concord
In April, British troops were ordered to Lexington and Concord to seize stores of colonial gunpowder and to capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock. At Lexington, open conflict occurred and eight Americans were killed. At Concord, the British troops were forced to retreat with the loss of 70 men. This was the first instance of open warfare.
n) 1775 - Second Continental Congress
All 13 colonies were represented at this meeting in Philadelphia beginning May. The colonists still hoped that their grievances would be met by King George III. George Washington was named head of the Continental Army.
o) 1775 - Bunker Hill
This major victory for the Colonists resulted in George III proclaiming the colonies in rebellion.
7) Yorktown. In 1781, the last major battle of the war was fought near Yorktown, Virginia, on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. Strongly supported by French naval and military forces, Washington’s army forced the surrender of a large British army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis.
8)
9) Constitution: a document designed to protect our freedom by imposing law on those who wield political power. Without such law, Americans would be under the constant threat of tyranny.
a) Clauses: Propositions in the Constitution in the Amendments
b) Due Process: The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution contain a Due Process Clause. Due process is basically ensuring that one's rights are protected and that the government follows the rules that 'the people' have made.
c) Bill of Rights- First Amendment: Congress may make no laws that infringe a citizen’s right to freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. Congress may not favor one religion over another (separation of church and state).
d) Checks and Balances: This means that the three branches of government (executive, judicial, and legislative) each have the power to override, or change what the other has done. This prevents one branch from holding too much power, or getting too corrupt, as long as they all do their jobs.
e) Judicial Review: Judicial review is the power of a court to review a law or an official act of a government employee or agent.
f) Compromises
f.i) 3/5: Counted each slave as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of determining a state’s level of taxation and representation
f.ii) Great (or Connecticut): Provided for a two-house Congress.
f.iii) Electoral College (or Presidential): A body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.
10) Americans generally supported the French people’s aspiration to establish a republic, but many were also horrified by reports of mod hysteria and mass executions.
a) Monroe Doctrine: Proclaimed that the Americas should be free from future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars and in wars between European powers and their colonies but to consider any new colonies or interference with independent countries in the Americas as hostile acts toward the United States.
11) Interests: South wants free trade; Northeast wants protection (Midwest aligns with Northeast)