Chapter 13 covers Europe’s social and political order from 1600-1715. In the early century, inflation was such that prices were four times what they had been between 1525 and 1550. Three great powers contested for dominance – the Ottoman Empire, the Spanish Empire, and France, under Louis XIV and Richelieu. Each had a mass of about 17 million people. In spite of the presence of these great monarchies, there were still areas all over Europe from southern Italy to Scandinavia and from Scotland to Auvergne where primitive social enclaves persisted, with hundreds of dialects and local, semi barbaric, religious cults. Attempted control of these numerous pockets sapped the resources of the great powers, similar to the drain on the Roman Empire when it was ringed with…
Europeans transformed earlier patterns of commerce by participating in new networks of exchange, such as the silver trade. This trade network “gave birth to a genuinely global network of exchange” (679) by connecting many parts of the world. The silver trade was also the “first direct and sustained link between the Americas and Asia” (680). Europeans, specifically the Portuguese and the Spanish, also assimilated into older patterns by attempting to participate in (and control) a major trade network: the Indian Ocean commerce.…
Throughout the nineteenth century, Europeans were able to control and dominate most of the world. Europe was able to emerge as a world power because of its economic supremacy and individualism. Europe came to rule the world because of its geographical determinism, British sea power which built the modern global system, and the continuous competitions that led to a self-perpetuating evolution in European economy.…
During the 600s to the 1450s, trading was mostly done by land. There were long-distance trading occurring then, but not as much sea travel and ocean trade routes as in the 1450s to 1750s time period. The post-classical period (600-1450) included the long-distance trade from the European to the African kingdoms. However, there wasn’t any constant trading happening between the eastern and western hemisphere. On the other side, during the time frame after this (1450-1750), trading was constant with the western and eastern hemispheres now connected by sea-based travel. World trade patterns where happening due to the Atlantic Ocean trade eventually crossing of the Pacific Ocean. Trading began with small items and grew to even humans, slaves. Trade routes influenced the cultures and belief systems back then also. Connections between different people brought both positive and negative effects. Technology also improved because of necessary traveling items.…
Western Europe and specifically France had continuities and changes that occurred in the political and social structures over the time period of 1600 to 1850.…
The West's First Outreach: Maritime Power. Europeans had become more aware of the outside world since the beginning of the twelfth century. Knowledge gained during the Crusades and from contacts with the great Mongol Empire spurred interest. European upper classes became used to imports, especially spices, brought from India and Southeast Asia to the Middle East by Arab vessels, and then carried to Europe by traders from Italian city-states. The fall of the Mongol dynasty in China, the strength of the Ottoman Empire, lack of gold to pay for imports, and poor naval technology hindered efforts for change. Europeans launched more consistent attempts for expansion from the late thirteenth century.…
Europeans traded with Asians long before the Early Modern World. The Crusades introduced Europeans to many luxury goods from Asia, carried on complex overland routes through the Mongol empire. The trading center of the world was the Mediterranean Sea which was a link between three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa. The Black Death and the breakup of the Mongol empire disrupted the trade. By the 1400s, though, Europe’s population was growing, along with the demand for trade…
This debate caused a divide in most of Europe and a loss of power in the church. The Hundred Years War was waged between England and France over land, who the true successor of the French throne was( King Edward III claimed he was the rightful heir) and economic conflicts. Each event…
The Mediterranean Sea had been the focus of European trade with other parts of the world for over 2000 years. In fact, until about the year 1500, the Atlantic Ocean had been a barrier, for Europeans. After 1492, this focus shifted to the Atlantic Ocean by routes south around the Cape of Good Hope, and by trans-Atlantic trade. European discoveries of new land meant an increase in commercial activity of the society from which the discoverer comes. Until then, most trading and manufacturing originated from Asia. The opening of the Atlantic introduced more sources and markets having a positive effect on European commerce. On a more specific level, the role of internal commerce in France, England, and the Spanish kingdoms exponentially. As Europeans recovered from the shock of the plague, the part of commerce and industry in the economy started to grow, particularly during the fifteenth century. This had…
Europe was going through many changes in their country with the French Revolution introduced the idea of the nation-state as an organizing concept for politics, the rise of Liberalism, the Industrial Revolution changed how people worked and acquired goods, art and religion, and new techniques for communication and organization gave rise to the concept of "the masses" as a political and economic force. So that being said, Europe was pretty much seeking the many more changes and wanted to make that global if they could. While sailing, they found the Americas that had many fortunes that the Europeans couldn’t pass so Cortes manipulated his way in and ended up in war with the Spanish and won. They tried going back towards the Native people but had to leave due to a betrayal with the Aztecs, but one of his men got one of them infected with small pox and with time spread which caused death and the food supply ran very low so starvation. This is when Cortes took his opportunity and attacked the Aztecs and won. They eventually took over their lands and rebuilt a new empire.…
Before any European nation had heard of the New World, they were at constant war with neighboring nations for resources. They also put an emphasis on armies over navies. Because of Columbus, European nations looked West instead of East for resources. This change occurred…
Nobles were vassals of the monarchs and were required to provide them with armored knights in time of war, and their economic and social position were from those of their ancestors, in return for supporting and training the knights so that they were able to serve in a royal army. The Hundred Years War was the long conflict between the King of France and his vassals, which set the power of the French monarchy against his vassals, and new military technology shaped conflict because as technology on one side became more powerful, the enemy's side became stronger. The new monarchies in France and England had a great centralization of power, more clear "national" boundaries, and reliable representative institutions. Spain and Portugal's reconquest of Iberia from Muslim rule was considered a religious crusade, but in the end, the Iberian kingdoms were brought together from struggle and to keep their Christian religious zealotry high. Conclusion: Latin West went through a cycle of triumphs and failures.…
By 1450 a large area of the world remained unexplored by the old world. At least three civilizations: China, the West, and the Islamic World all had the capability to explore the Americas . However only one did- the West. If one observes the technology of the West in 1450 it comes as rather a surprise Europe made it to the New World first. The other civilizations, particularly China were more powerful, wealthier and more technologically advance. Some have argued the people of the West have seemed to have a stronger urge to explore the world with roots going back to the barbarian migration into Rome and the Crusades in the Holy Land . There is however a stronger reason the West was first to explore the New World. The West was (and remains) relatively poor in natural resources. The other great civilizations of the world: China and the Islamic World had at their disposal many more resources in there civilizations…
eventually led to wars. Even smaller countries would have to take sides with one of these…
Politicians, countries and ideologies from all over the world have been torn for years between what they should follow and believe. Countries argue over which policies should be adopted been the economist's fundamental question. What would life be like if the country you lived in targeted equality- to live in a country where all people are equal, all are treated the same, and all are one? People desire to live in a place where social class is not an issue and money, food shortage, monthly bills, and shelter is nothing you have to worry about. The command economy provides survival, value in work, stability, equality and care and economic resources for all its members, young, sick, disabled, and the old. The command economy is much stable then the market economy.…