Changes under Colonial Government

Post Magallanic Expeditions: Page 1

1. Loaisa (1525) – 7 ships and 450 men Results: Failure – did not reach the Philippines death of Loaisa and co-captain Elcano in mid-ocean.
2. Cabot (1526) – 4 ships and 250 men
Results: Failure – did not find the Strait of Mgellan
3. Saavedra (1527) – 3 ships and 110 men
Results: Failure – reached Mindanao but failed to colonize, they just rescued the survivors of Loaisa’s expedition at Tidore, Moluccas
4. Villalobos (1542) – 6 ships 200 men
Results: Reached Mindanao but failed to colonize. He named Mindanao Ceasaria Caroli in honor of King Charles of Spain and he named the country Philippines in honor of King Phillip II of Spain. He died in Moluccas, comforted by St. Francis of Assissi – Apostles of the Indies
5. Legaspi (1564) – 4 ships 380 men Result: Successful colonization He reached Cebu in 1565 but was not able to land due to hostility of the natives, went to Limasawa and was received by the king, Bankaw, then to Bohol and made a blood compact with Rajah Sikatuna

The Conquest of the Swords and the Cross:
Spanish aims In coming to the Philippines:
1. to spread Christianity (God)
2. to seek economic wealth (gold)
3. to establish a global empire (glory/grandeur)

First group of religious missionaries
1. Augustinians 2. Franciscans 3. Dominicans
4. Recollects 5. Jesuits

April 27, 1565 – Legaspi conquered Cebu after a successful battle against Rajah Tupas. He founded the first Spanish settlement in the city and named it ‘The City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus.” The natives of Cebu were converted into Christianity.

1569 – Legaspi moved to Panay due to shortage of food in Cebu. In the same year, he conquered Masbate, Ticao, Burias and Bicol province

1570 – Legaspi sent his grandson Juan de Salcedo to conquer Mindoro. In the same year Martin de Goiti led and expedition to Manila and engaged Rajah Sulayman into a battle. Sulayman’s kingdom was engulfed in flames

1571- The second conquest of Manila by Legaspi. He was welcomed by Rajah Lakandula of Tondo. But, of Bambalito, a chieftain of Pampanga, defied the forces of Goiti in the Battle of Bankusay (the first battle of Manila Bay
On June 24, 1571Legaspi founded the city of Manila and named it the “Distinguished and Ever Loyal City”. He became the first governor and Adelantado of the Phil. He died of a heart attack in Manila on August 20, 1572.

Spanish Colonial Policy: The divide and rule policy
The Philippines was a crown colony, she belonged to the Spanish crown. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was ruled by Spain through Mexico, but after the independence of Mexico in 1821, the Philippines was directly ruled by Spain.

The Council of the Indies – the body which handled all matters pertaining to Spanish colonies and was under the supervision of the Ministry de Ultramar.
Leyes de Indies – set of laws used to govern the Philippines.

A. Political Changes Under Spain
Governor General – the chief executive, also known as the Captain General
Powers of the governor general:
1. He is the vice-royal patron- the king’s representative in the colony
2. He executes laws from Spain 3. he administers the country
4. He serves the presiding judge of the Royal Audiencia
5. He is the commander in chief of the army
6. He appoints ambassadors and envoy to other countries
7. He has control over churches and clergy
8. He has special power – Cumplase – the power to suspend the implementation of the laws from Spain.

Checks to the powers of the Governor General:
1. The Residencia – a special court which audits the performance of the out-going governor general.
2. The Visitador – the spy of the Spanish king in the colony
3. The archbishop and the clergy who complaint directly to the king.
4. The friars and the members of the clergy.

Spanish Cortes – the legislative body during colonial rule
Royal Audiencia – the Supreme Court during Spanish times. In the absence of the governor general the Royal Audiencia managed the Philippines. it can enact laws for the colony known as Autos Acordados. These laws were valid as the laws enacted by Spanish Cortes.

Under this were the two Territorial Audiencias (Vigan and Cebu) where cases can be appealed. There were special courts such as the military and naval court.

Colonial Policies Implemented:
1. The Encomienda system – A piece of territory together with its inhabitants entrusted to a loyal Spanish colonizer for administration as a reward for his service. The administrator is called Encomendero. (2)

Duties of the Encomendero
1. To collect taxes from the inhabitants 2. To protect them from enemies
3. To assist the missionaries in converting the natives to Christianity
4. To promote the education of the natives.

Kinds of encomienda
1. Royal – owned by the King of Spain
2. Ecclesiastical – managed by the Church
3. Private – assigned to private individuals.

2. The tribute – as a symbol of vassalage to Spain the Filipinos paid the tribute amounting to eight reales (one peso), payable in money or in kind. This was abolished in 1884 and was replaced by a cedula.

Reasons why the natives hate the tribute (taxation without representation)
1. it reminded them of their bondage to Spain
2. it spawned Spanish abuses

3. Polo – also known as forced labour - all males 16 to 60 years of age were obliged to render polo for 40 days, then reduced to 15 days in 1884. It was in the form of building and repairing roads and bridges, construction of public buildings and churches, cutting timber in the forests, working in the shipyards, and serving as sailors and soldiers in military expeditions.
Polista – a person who rendered polo
Falla – the amount one has to pay to be exempted from polo

4. Vandala - compulsory sale of farm products to the government. This policy breeds the following abuses: 1. Government people bought the produce from the farmers at a very low price and sold them at a higher price in the market. 2. Tampering of the weighing scales to devalue the amount of product 3. Some took the farm produce without even paying 4. Degrading the value of the commodity so as to lessen the price 5. The Galleon Trade – trade between Manila and Acapulco which lasted for 250 years. There were two vessels – one outgoing and the other incoming. The galleon leaving the Philippines carried the product of Asia and sold these in at the world market in Mexico. It returns it will brought goods from the west.

Boletas – tickets to engage in a galleon trade
Obras Pias – charitable institutions lending money to those who want to engage in the galleon trade.
San Pedro –the first galleon Magallanes – the last galleon
1593 – became a government monopoly due to the complaint of Spanish merchants. The galleon carries annual subsidies from Mexico. (3)
Bad effects of the galleon trade Good effects of the galleon trade
1. Neglect of other industries 1. Intercultural changes between
2. It only enriched the few Filipinos and Americans
3. Many people flock to Manila 2. Brought flora and fauna to the
4. Worsen forced labour Philippines, the moro-moro,
5. Caused Filipino revolts the Black Nazarene, and the Virgin , of Antipolo
3. Enriched Philippine Languages examples: tiange, tsokolate, sayote (Aztec words)
End of Galleon Trade
1. Competition from other countries
2. War of independence in Mexico B. Social and Cultural transformation:
Social: 1.Christianization of the Philippines 2.Adoption of Hispanic names and surnames (hated by the Indios because some were given derogatory names. The reasons for these were: exact tax collection, control performance of labour, bases for Census
3. From bahay kubo to bahay na bato – from batalan to azotea
4. Mixture in cuisine and food
5. Mode of dressing – Camisa de chino, barong tagalong, used of hats and shoes and slippers and the meztisa dress.
6. Enrichment of language
7. Celebration of fiestas – not only as a socializing factor, but to indoctrinate the Filipinos through religious rituals
8. Dances, music and drama – cenaculo, comedya, moro-moro etc.
9. Associations and practices like Cofradias – association of Filipino laymen
And compadrazzo – ritual co-parenthood.

Changes in Education
There were 2 compulsory public schools in each town and were required to teach Christian doctrine to the kids
Elementary and secondary – Colegio de Ninos – 1596
Schools and Colleges For Boys:
San Ignacio (1589) – priesthood and general education
San Ildefonso (1599) – San Carlos Cebu
Escuela Pia – Ateneo (Jesuits, 1817)
UST – 1611 Nuestra Sra. Del Santissimo Rosario – old name
San Juan de Letran (1620) for orphaned children
Girls schools:
Sta Potenciana (1591) and Sta Isabel (1632) – founded for Spanish orphans
Beaterio – exclusive colegios for the upper class. Examples are RVM, Sta Catalina de Sena, Sta Rita, Sta Rosa, Concordia College (1868) and Assumption College (1892). (4)
Cultural Changes: 1. Introduction of Latin alphabet 2. First book – Doctrina Christiana 3. Famous writers were Fernando Bagongbanta, Thomas Pinpin, Pedro Suarez, Jose De la Cruz, Gaspar Aquino De Belen 4. The teaching of the Spanish language was opposed by the friars because once educated the Indio will become a filibustero and having a lingua franca would mean national unity. 5. Theocentric literature – Awit at Korido 6. Theater – Comedia and moro-moro (an anti-Muslim drama), passion, cenaculo, zarzuela at Tibag. 7. Colonial art – religious images, bamboo arc décor, rosaries, parol, palaspas 8. Painting – Damian Domingo, Juan Luna, Esteban Villanueva, Faustino Quilantang, Hilario Soriano etc. 9. Print making and engraving – Nicolas Bagay and Thomas Pinpin
10. Sculptor – Mariano Madrinan
11. Music and dances – new instruments such as harp, organ, guitar and piano were introduced. Famous composers were Marcelo Adonay, Julian Felipe, and Julio Nakpil. New dances like Fandango, Rigodon, Jota,etc.

Economic Changes:
1. Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country – founded by Jose Basco Y Vargas with the following aims:
a) to make the colony truly self-sufficient from the annual Mexican subsidy
b) to plan income generating monopolies
c) to exploit the inland natural resources.
2. Royal Company of the Philippines
Aim-to unite Asia and American commerce (trade monopoly) 3. Infrastructure Development a) Manila - Dagupan railway b) street car service –horse drawn 4. Telephone in 1890 5. Construction of Public Lighting system and farolas Local government:
1. alcadias (provinces) - headed by alcalde mayor
2. pueblos (towns) – headed by a gobernadorcillo
3. corregimientos (unpacified areas) - under a corregidor, an army officer
4. ayuntamiento (city government) run by a council called Cabildo. This is composed of the alcalde (mayor), regidores (councillors), alguacil mayor (chief constable) and escribano (chief constable).
5. other town officials were the chief lieutenant and municipal secretary
The gobernadorcillo was called Capitan and his wife, Capitana. He was elected annually by all married males of the town. Page 5