Chapter 4 Key Issue 1

Key Issue 2
Which three measures do geographers use to study population change? Geographers use Crude birth rate (CBR), Crude death rate (CDR), and Natural Increase rate (NIR).
CBR is the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society.
CDR is the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
NIR is the percentage by which a population grows in a year.
Is a small change in the NIR important?
Even if the NIR changed by 0.2%, the doubling time would change. The doubling time is the number of years needed to double a population. For NIR to be 2.2%, the doubling time would be 35 years.
Why is most of the world’s population growth in LDC’s?
Parents usually have more babies in LDCs to help them with farming and chores and because sometime not all will live to adulthood.
Does TFR vary in different parts of the world? Total fertility rate (TFR) are used by geographers to measure the number of births in a society. According to Figure 2-11 on page 55 of our textbook, the Fertility rate of 4.0 and above are mostly in Africa. The Fertility rate of 3.0 – 3.9 is mostly located in Asia and South America.
Is the IMR pattern similar to others? The Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births. The pattern of IMR is most similar to CBR and TFR.
Why does the IMR reflect a country’s health care system? Lower IMRs are found in countries with well-trained doctors and nurses, modern hospitals, and large supplies of medicine.
Ex – Western Europe
How does life expectancy follow the same trend? It is the most favorable in the wealthy countries of western Europe and at least favorable in the pour countries of sub Saharan Africa.
Key Issue 3
Why does every country go through the demographic transition at different times?
Depending on the amount of food that a country gets and how it gets it. (hunting + gathering -> agricultural revolution time when we first domesticated plants and animals) Sometimes even with agricultural revolution, food supplies are unpredictable (climate, diseases, etc.)
Why does stage one last for a very long time?
Even with the agricultural revolution, climate, or disease may affect the amount of food gotten thus affecting the population number
Why are CBR and CDR levels both high?
In stage 1, they are about even so the NIR remained near zero. Many babies were born without medicine, many people died so the CDR was also high.
Why did the world population start rising around 1750? Some countries entered stage 2 of the demographic transition after 1750 as a result of the industrial revolution. It led to wealth, which made the communities healthier places to live.
When does Stage 2 occur? When CDRs decline but CBRs are the same. The industrial Revolution and Medical Revolution caused this.
When did countries enter Stage 2?
During the Industrial Revolution 1705.
How did countries in Europe enter stage 2 before countries in Africa? The European countries started their stage 2 during the Industrial Revolution. African countries started their stage 2 during the Medical Revolution.
When does stage 3 occur?
When CBR begins to fall thus causing NIR to fall
Why does the population continue to grow?
The CDR gets even lower. The CBR decreases throughout this level. The NIR is still high.
Why do societies enter stage 3?
Changes in social customs, (less children) economic changes (city life -> less kids), children can’t do chores.
Why is stage 4 also called ZPG?
ZPG = Zero Population Growth
CBR = CDR
NIR = 0
What is also involved in the switch to stage 4? Social Customs Women enter the labor force Changes in lifestyle leading to wanting small families
What other level may some people consider? Fifth Stage
Higher CDRs than CBRs and an irreversible population decline.
Key Issue 4
Who believed that the world’s population was growing more rapidly than food production?
Thomas Malthus thought this. Population grows exponentially whereas resources grow steadily and arithmetically.
Where did he come to his conclusions?
In England, several years after they became the first country to enter stage 2.
What 2 modern characteristics are making his theory worse?
Some countries have an even more rapid population growth than England when it was in Stage 2. Subsequently, the gap between population growth and resources is even wider.
Population growth is also outstripping resources many geographers consider his theories to be unrealistic?
In reality, why haven’t Malthus’s theories worked?
Food Production has increased more rapidly than Malthus expected. It is not exactly arithmetical.
Why do many geographers consider his theories to be unrealistic?
POSSIBILISM – our wellbeing is influenced by how the physical env is. But, we can act to expand the food supply and resources. Technology can make some resources give us a longer and better outcome.
What are the characteristics of the 5 epidemiological stages? Diseases, animal attaches, famine
Stage of receding pandemics better sanitation, medicine, and nutrition
Degeneration, human diseases (polio)
Delayed degenerative diseases life expectancy extended
Reemergence of infectious diseases -> higher CDRs
Key Issue 1
Why do people migrate?
TWO FACTORS
Most people migrate for economic reasons (jobs)
Cultural and environment factors also induce migration (not as much through)
Slavery
Political instability (refugees)
What are the 3 kinds of factors?
Economic – jobs
Cultural – not accepted
Environmental – water problems
What factors are the most common?
Slavery
People have captured Africans in the past
Political Instability
When you have a government that takes away your human rights
What can operate as pull factors?
Politics – People may be attracted to democratic countries that encourage individual jobs choices
What types of places are people pulled and pushed from?
People are pulled to nice places (mts., seaside, and warm climates) and pushed from bad ones (too little/much water).
Why were intervening obstacles environmental? Before people couldn’t move because of oceans and bodies of water. Now people can’t move because of visas and passports.
Why are intervening obstacles caused? (Look above)
Visas and Passports
What are the 2 main points about migration distance? Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain with the same country
Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.
How does this relate to distance decay? Distance decay is related because the farther away a place is located, the less likely that people will migrate to it.
What are the 2 types of internal migration? Interregional migration: movement from 1 region to another
Intraregional migration: movement within one region
Which is most common? Intraregional: It’s easier to move inside your own region.
What 2 points is international migration divided into? Voluntary Migration: migrant CHOSEN to move for economic improvement
Forced migration: migrant COMPELLED to move by cultural factors.
What causes forced migration? Which causes voluntary?
Forced – Cultural factors
Voluntary – Economic push and pull factors
Which type of people migrate more? Usually, middle-aged working men come to work. Before, there was less of a chance for a woman to get a job, but now that has changed. More women come bringing along children
Key Issue 2
What are the main regions for the net out and net in migration?
Out: Asia, Latin America and Africa
In: North America, Europe, Oceania
What are the 3 largest ‘flaws’ of migration?
Asia -> Europe
Asia -> North America
Latin America -> North America
Where does the biggest majority of the foreign born resident live? Why?
United. 40 million in 2010
There is a higher percentage in some other countries, but they have a smaller population.
What are the 3 peaks of US immigration?
** Initial Settlement of colonies
** Mid 19th century and culminated early 20 century European
** Begins in 1970s and continues
What is the main destination of immigrants within the US?
California. They have many illegal aliens from Mexico.
Key Issue 3
How do Quota laws act as obstacles to migrants?
You can only come if you have family here, if you are a killed worker or you get into the lottery. It’s very hard to come to the US.
Time contracts for workers?
They only get to stay a limited time, then are sent back to their countries.
Economic opportunity vs. refugee push factors?
Some people say they are refuges, but just want to get out of their country. On the other hand, a person may really be a refugee, but they still be sent back.
Host country’s attitude?
** Different language
** Barely any money for food, housing or entertainment
** Very lonely
** Host country’s people dislike migrants