AP Human

Total fertility rate- the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
Demographic momentum- where the large group of young people grow past childbearing age and the population decreases
Crude death rate- aka mortality rate, number of deaths in a given year for every thousand people in a population
Infant mortality rate- number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each thousand live births per year
Natural increase- the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate
Life expectancy- the average number of years that a child can expect to live if the current mortality rates hold
Demographic Transition Theory:
Demographic Transition Theory- pattern of natural increase, and fertility, and mortality rates
Stage 1: Low Growth
High birth rates/ High death rates
Stage 2: High Growth
High birth rates/ decreased death rates
1750’s industrialization brought a demographic transition
Stage 3: Moderate Growth
Birth rates decrease/ death rates decrease
Stage 4: Low Growth
Continued decrease in birth rate/steady death rate
Population and Natural Hazards:
AIDS- (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), a disease that began in Central Africa and spread to other countries
Pandemic- a widespread epidemic
Effects on Population Policies
Restrictive population policies- policies to reduce the rate of natural increase
China and India: National Population Policies: In China Originally the two-child policy, then the one-child policy
In India there was a plan that required anyone with 3 children be sterilized, but rioting broke out
International Policy Efforts:
During the 1990’s international organizations began efforts to control global population growth
Population Movement
Circulation- a type of short-term, repetitive movement
Migration- permanent movement to a new location
Spatial interaction- the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities within and between areas
Demographic equation-population change over time (natural change + net migration)
Emigration is migration from a location, while immigration is migration to a location
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
The majority of immigrants move only a short distance
Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose cities as their destination
Each migration produces a counterflow
Families are less likely to migrate, than young adults

Reasons For Migrating

Push factor- encourages people to move from the region that they live in
Pull factor- people to a new region Environmental Push and Pull Factors

Climate- most of the sparsely populated areas of the world have uninhabitable climates
Elevations- most regions of sparse populations in the middle and higher latitudes are of high elevation
Seacoasts- people tend to settle near or on the seacoast
Disease- disease influences migration choices
Major Migrations At Different Scales
Internal migrations may be interregional (between regions) or intraregional (within one region)
Internal migrations may be forced or voluntary
U.S Immigration Eras:
Initial settlement of colonies
Emigration from Europe
1840’s and 1850’s- Germans and Irish
Late 1800’s- Scandinavians, and Northern and Western Europeans
Early 1900’s- Southern and Eastern Europeans, Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary
Immigration since 1945
Intraregional Migrations
Some intraregional migrations result from forced dislocation of people
South Asia- millions of people from Afghanistan have fled the country
Southeast Asia- emigration from Vietnam to the U.S
The Balkans- When Yugoslavia collapsed, ethnic conflicts created a refugee crisis
Sub-Saharan Africa- Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda Migration Selectivity
Migration selectivity- the tendency for certain types of people to move
Age- young people between 18 and 30 are most likely to migrate
Education- people with higher levels of education are more likely to make long distance moves
Kinship and friendship ties- people who have relatives and/or friends who have migrated previously are more likely to migrate
Chain migration- a stream of people out of an area as first movers communicate with people back home and stimulate migration

Short Term Circulation and Activity Space

Demography is the study of population. Population geography focuses primarily on the number, composition, and distribution of human beings on Earth. Distribution is the arrangements of the areas people live in. The two ways to calculate population density are arithmetic and physiological. A population pyramid shows a populations age and gender composition. Population is concentrates in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe. Distributions of populations are affected by race and ethnicity. There are three Agricultural Revolutions. Thomas Malthus that the population would increase faster than the supplies needed to sustain it. There are four stages to the Demographic Transition Theory. Some countries like China and Indi have population restriction policies. Ravenstein had four laws of migration. Push and pull factors are reasons for migrating. There are environmental factors that affect migration. Internal migration may be interregional or intraregional and may be forced or voluntary. Migration selectivity is the tendency for certain types of people to migrate. Age, education, and kinship and friendship ties are things that effect migration. The activity space is affected by age, ability to travel, and opportunities to travel, and all exist within a space-time prism.