Pharm 100 Review
Incidence- the number of NEW CASES of cancer diagnosed per year
Prevalence- the number of CASES OF CANCER EXISTING in the population during the year
Mortality- the number of DEATHS attributed to a particular type of cancer per year
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death
Lung cancer rates are climbing among women and leveling off in men
Mortality for breast and prostate cancer are dropping
Cancer is a generic term for a disease with 3 key features-ability to proliferate indefinitely (uncontrolled cell growth), ability to invade surrounding normal tissue (invasion), ability to spread throughout the body (metastasis)
Cancer is also characterized by a long latent period between time of exposure and development of the disease
Carcinogen- any substance, chemical or radiation that is capable of triggering the development of cancer
Carcinogenesis:
Initiation- carcinogen alters genetic message
Promotion- stimulation of rapid cell growth
Progression- increase in malignancy
Differences in cancer geographically due to:
Environmental exposures (ie. diet)
Different detection methods and procedures
Treatment access
Protective factors
Genetics
Liver Cancer: higher incidence in China and other Asian countries due to Hep B infection and contamination of foods by aflatoxin B1 which is released from molds that grow on grains in warmer climates
Extrinsic Factors (anything non-genetic)-environemental chemicals, diet, cultural and behavioral practices, infections:
MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
Tobacco smoke- 1/3 cancer deaths, lung cancer and other types, associated with tar content of cigarettes, frequency of smoking, duration of the habit
20 year lag time between smoking and lung cancer
Diet-fruits, vegetables, whole grains decrease the risk factor while red meat and refined grains increase
Obesity is linked to an increased risk of gall bladder, endometrial and breast cancer
Cancer linked viruses insert and change genes for cell growth
Hep B
Prevalence- the number of CASES OF CANCER EXISTING in the population during the year
Mortality- the number of DEATHS attributed to a particular type of cancer per year
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death
Lung cancer rates are climbing among women and leveling off in men
Mortality for breast and prostate cancer are dropping
Cancer is a generic term for a disease with 3 key features-ability to proliferate indefinitely (uncontrolled cell growth), ability to invade surrounding normal tissue (invasion), ability to spread throughout the body (metastasis)
Cancer is also characterized by a long latent period between time of exposure and development of the disease
Carcinogen- any substance, chemical or radiation that is capable of triggering the development of cancer
Carcinogenesis:
Initiation- carcinogen alters genetic message
Promotion- stimulation of rapid cell growth
Progression- increase in malignancy
Differences in cancer geographically due to:
Environmental exposures (ie. diet)
Different detection methods and procedures
Treatment access
Protective factors
Genetics
Liver Cancer: higher incidence in China and other Asian countries due to Hep B infection and contamination of foods by aflatoxin B1 which is released from molds that grow on grains in warmer climates
Extrinsic Factors (anything non-genetic)-environemental chemicals, diet, cultural and behavioral practices, infections:
MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
Tobacco smoke- 1/3 cancer deaths, lung cancer and other types, associated with tar content of cigarettes, frequency of smoking, duration of the habit
20 year lag time between smoking and lung cancer
Diet-fruits, vegetables, whole grains decrease the risk factor while red meat and refined grains increase
Obesity is linked to an increased risk of gall bladder, endometrial and breast cancer
Cancer linked viruses insert and change genes for cell growth
Hep B