visible aspect and asks whether Bhutan’s search for an alternative approach really entails the search for a more responsible form of happiness – one that inherently involves a more compassionate mode of being in the world. Using the Four Pillars of Gross National Happiness as a framework‚ it argues that the cultivation of a deeper happiness lies in ensuring that the inter-dependent realms of culture‚ good governance‚ economy and the environment remain in sustainable balance. If Buddhist understandings
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business plans to continue operating in the future and issue financial statements each year. 9. The dividends account is closed to the Income Summary account in order to properly determine net income (or loss) for the period. 10. After closing entries have been journalized and posted‚ all temporary accounts in the ledger should have zero balances. 11. Closing revenue and expense accounts to the Income Summary account is an optional bookkeeping procedure. 12. Closing
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fair tax: towards a modern tax system The Smith Institute The Smith Institute is an independent think tank that has been set up to look at issues which flow from the changing relationship between social values and economic imperatives. If you would like to know more about the Smith Institute please write to: Telephone +44 (0)20 7823 4240 Fax +44 (0)20 7823 4823 Email info@smith-institute.org.uk Website www.smith-institute.org.uk fair tax: towards a modern tax system The Director
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INTRODUCTION Service tax is a tax on Services. Service tax is not a tax on profession / trade but it is a tax on the service provided in exercise of the profession / trade. It is leviable only if there is provision of service. SALE V/S SERVICE Service is different from sale. The fact that some goods have been used in the course of providing service’ doesn’t make that transaction a sale. The nature of the transaction depends on the intention of the parties. If the parties intended to enter into
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEM OF TAX AVOIDANCE AND EVASION IN NIGERIA: AN OVERVIEW Dominic Asada LL.B. (Hons.) B.L‚ LL.M. Tax Avoidance and Evasion are some of the most perplexing problems facing the nation today. It is widely believed that there is a considerable difference between estimated revenue from taxation every year and what is actually collected. This disturbing aversion to taxation has some historical antecedents. Traditionally‚ there has always been a hostile response to the payment of tax by the people
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National Income Determination Introduction • A key objective of Macroeconomics is to explain GDP growth and its fluctuations • Therefore‚ need to understand the forces that determine GDP (“National Income”) • John Maynard Keynes in his “General Theory of Employment‚ Interest and Money” (1936) developed a model of income determination • Known as Keynesian Theory of Income Determination • Aggregate spending / demand determines the level of aggregate output Concepts and Functions Actual
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Direct Tax Code (DTC) 1 1‚2 Dept. of FMS‚ Gurukul Kangri University‚ Haridwar‚ UK‚ India tax regime as it is based on well accepted principles of taxation and best international practices. It will eventually pave the way for a single unified taxpayer reporting system. The Philosophy behind such replacement is to make the Direct Taxes Code very easy and simple so that tax payers themselves can‚ without help of experts compute and file Income Tax Returns. In planning and framing an ideal Income Tax Structure
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Instructions for filling out Income Tax Return FORM SARAL-II ITR-1 These instructions are guidelines for filling the particulars in this Return Form. In case of any doubt‚ please refer to relevant provisions of the Income-tax Act‚ 1961 and the Income-tax Rules‚ 1962. Assessment Year for which this Return Form is applicable This Return Form is applicable for assessment year 2010-2011 only‚ i.e.‚ it relates to income earned in Financial Year 2009-10. Who can use this Return Form This Return Form is
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Case 5-1 Income Smoothing a. Firstly‚ investors tend to invest in companies with stable earnings rather than one with volatile earnings. With stable earnings‚ there will be more likely an issuance of dividends and investors could easily predict the company’s future earnings compared to one with unstable earnings. With consistent earnings generated‚ it gives investors a secured feeling that it will again generate earnings as predicted. Confidence in the growth of rate of earnings is crucial because
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Ordinary income Tennant v Smith‚ (money or convertible into money) An employee was given accommodation rent free by his employer. Was this ordinary income? • The employee could not sublet the accommodation to anyone else‚ therefore could not turn this accommodation into cash. • The Court said it was not ordinary income under s. 25(1) (now s.6-5) since the accommodation was not convertible into money. • Not ordinary income under s.6-5. FCT v Cooke & Sherden. (money or convertible into money) Soft
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