* The halogens can be found on the left-hand side of the noble gases. * These five toxic‚ non-metallic elements make up Group 17 of the periodic table and consist of: fluorine (F)‚ chlorine (Cl)‚ bromine (Br)‚ iodine (I)‚ and astatine (At). * Although astatine is radioactive and only has short-lived isotopes‚ it behaves similar to iodine and is often included in the halogen group. * Since the halogen elements have seven valence electrons‚ they only require one additional electron to form
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Preparation u Alcohols when heated in presence of H2SO4‚ H3PO4‚ P2O5‚ Al2O3 or BF3 undergo loss of water molecule with the formation of alkene. Conc. H2SO4 180oC H3PO4/P2O5 200oC Al2O3/BF3 350oC CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O CH3-CH2-CH2-OH CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O u u Mechanism: In the first step OH group of the alcohol is protonated in a fast reversible reaction. Unlike OH group‚ protonated OH group is a good leaving group. Step 1: CH3 CH3-C-CH3 + H+ HO CH3 CH3-C-CH3 H2O+
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PRINCIPLE INSTRUMENTATION SAMPLE AUTOMIZATION TECHNIQUES INTERFERENCES AND APPLICATIONS. ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS SUCH AS DETERMINATION OF SODIUM‚ POTASSIUM‚ CALCIUM‚ PHOSPHOROUS‚ SULFUR‚ CHLORINE‚ BROMINE AND IODINE Introduction AAS used as an analytical tool was first developed by an Australian physicist Alan walah Atomic spectrometric methods are rapid ‚convenient and have high selectivity The method involves a process called as atomization in which the sample is converted to a gaseous
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variety of specialty chemical products. The company acquired Octel Associates‚ a tetraethyl lead (TEL) producer for its capacity to produce bromine. Though Octel used the chemical to make the additives‚ Great lakes used them in other products. The focus was on the TEL"gold mine" that Octel provided. The company was willing‚ in order to get the bromine-producing capability‚ to take on the last years of production of lead additives as well as an ethical and public relation challenge. This
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Outline: 1-Introduction for climate change • Background information • Definition of climate change 2-Body: A- The causes of climate change • The causes of climate change • Natural causes of climate change B- Effects of climate change • Human effects on climate change • Greenhouse gases effect • Changing in the ecosystems. C- Solutions for climate change: • Avoid cutting trees and forests • The use of the renewable resources • Sequestration 3-
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NAME: ANSWER KEY PERIOD: __________ CHAPTER 6 PERIODIC TABLE HOMEWORK/PRACTICE PACKET HW#1 PERIODIC TABLE VOCABULARY Match the correct vocabulary term to each numbered statement. Write the letter of the correct term on the line. Column A a 1. The highest occupied s and p sublevels are partially filled. n 2. The highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby d sublevel contain electrons. m 3. metals having only 2 electrons in the highest occupied energy
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ductile - NON-METALS – is element that is usually a gas or a dull powdery solid Halogen family - Very reactive - Can be poisonous - Chlorine gas was used as a chemical weapon during WW1 - Iodine is used to disinfect scrapes and cuts - Bromine can be added to increase the brightest and life of the bulb‚ but dangerous when it is near flammable materials Alkaline family - Shiny‚ silvery‚ and soft - Calcium helps builds strong bone and teeth - Strontium builds strong shell in cooral
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Important alkane reactions: Burns in air to form carbon dioxide and water Reacts with chlorine‚ bromine‚ and iodine only when the mixtures are exposed to UV light. ================================ Reactions of Alkenes Presence of double bond make alkenes very reactive. There are many substances which react with alkenes by opening out the double bond to form two single bonds these are called addition reactions. An alkyl group is an alkane molecule with one hydrogen atom missing it does not exist
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electrolysis to work‚ the ions must be free to move. Ions are free to move when an ionic substance is dissolved in water or when melted. For example‚ if electricity is passed through molten lead bromide‚ the lead bromide is broken down to form lead and bromine. Electrolysis Here is what happens during electrolysis: - Positively charged ions move to the negative electrode during electrolysis. They receive electrons and are reduced. - Negatively charged ions move to the positive electrode during
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continue to burn‚ releasing dense‚ black clouds of smoke‚ The chlorine combines with hydrogen of the paraffin‚ forming hydrogen chloride‚ and uncombined carbon is left in the form of soot. Soot is black residue from fuel. Chlorine replaces iodine and bromine from their salts. Dry chlorine is somewhat inert or not able to move‚ but moist chlorine unites directly with most of the elements. History Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Karl Scheele. Humphry Davy proved that chlorine was an element. Extensive
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