CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS Terpenoids Sameena Bano Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Jamia Hamdard New Delhi-110062 (24.09.2007) CONTENTS Introduction Classification of Terpenoids Isolation of mono and sesquiterpenoids General properties of Terpenoids General methods of structure elucidation Terpenoids Citral Menthol Camphor Eugenol Keywords Terpenes‚ isoprene‚ citral‚ menthol‚ camphor and eugenol 1 Introduction There are many different classes of naturally occurring
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polysaccharide found in animals. d) Condensation and hydrolysis: Condensation is a chemical process by which 2 molecules are joined together to make a larger‚ more complex‚ molecule‚ with the loss of water. Instead‚ hydrolysis consists in splitting and adding water. e) Hydrophobic and hydrophilic: Hydrophobic avoids water‚ whilst hydrophilic is attracted by it. 2. a) Hydrolysis of maltose: glucose + glucose = maltose + H2O b) The condensation reaction that forms a triglyceride: Glycerol
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The Main Parts of the Water Cycle The main parts of the water cycle are evaporation‚ condensation‚ and precipitation. They go together in a circle/cycle called the water cycle. None of these parts can be missing. (Well‚ everything in the water cycle is needed.) Evaporation- Evaporation is when water turns into water vapor and flows up into the sky. You can’t see it because it’s now gas and gas is invisible. Evaporation usually happens on hot‚ rainy days because the sun’s energy
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when it solidifies Latent Heat of Vaporization The heat absorbed when a substance changes phase from liquid to gas. For water‚ Latent Heat of Condensation The condensation is the opposite process of evaporation. Latent heat of condensation is energy released when water vapor condenses to form liquid droplets. The latent heat of condensation is defined as the heat released when one mole of the substance condenses. The temperature does not change during this process‚ so heat released goes
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3000 meters? 1_________________ This rate of temperature change of unsaturated air with changing altitude is called the dry adiabatic lapse rate: the rate of change of the temperature of rising or subsiding air when no condensation is taking place (we’ll talk about the condensation part shortly). If the air subsides‚ it also changes temperature. It warms up‚ and it is warming up at the dry adiabatic lapse rate. So‚ if the air at 4000 meters altitude has a temperature of -10 C‚ and it subsides
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3. Separation of a three – component mixture by extraction 4. Completion of experiments from day 1 to 4 5. NMR workshop 6. Sandmeyer Reaction: Preparation of p-chloronitrobenzene 7. Synthesis of benzilic acid from benzil 8. Aldol Condensation: Preparation of ethyl cinnamate 9. Isolation of caffeine from tea 10. Completion of isolation of caffeine from tea 11. Catchup day and completion of experiments School of Chemistry University of KwaZulu-Natal
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of one huge one. This drift still continues today. Volcanoes affected the origins of the sea by pouring huge amounts of steam into the atmosphere. This would result in the process of condensation. The volcanoes would pour steam and the Earth would cool down‚ which lead to condensation. The process caused water to fill up the hollows on Planet Earth‚ which formed it’s seas. As a particle going through the hydrolic cycle‚ first I am evaporated from a body of water. Then
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primary components of plant cell wall 3.2.5 Condensation 1.A condensation reaction joins two molecules together to form a larger molecule and a water molecule is formed as a result. 2.All biological molecules are formed by condensation reactions. 3. Condensation reactions are also known as dehydration synthesis 4. Condensation reactions can join many amino acids together to form large chains called polypeptides (proteins). 5.Condensation reactions can join many monosaccharides together
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product composition might be obtained. Describe the reaction mechanism for the the two condensation reactions that were done. Predict the product that you would expect in each of the condensation reactions. Procedure: Describe what was done in each part of the experiment that you worked on. Results: Theoretical yield and percent yield for the condensation reaction.. Proton spectra of the condensation products. Propose structures that are consistent with the NMR spectra of each of the
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33447 DROPWISE & FILMWISE CONDENSATION APPARATUS The equipment consists of a metallic container in which steam generation takes place. The lower portion houses suitable electric heater for steam generation. A special arrangement is provided for the container for filling the water. The glass cylinder houses two water cooled copper condensers‚ one of which is chromium plated to promote drop wise condensation and the other is in its natural state to give film wise condensation. A connection for pressure
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