INTRODUCTION Sulphuric Acid is an important chemical‚ which has large-scale industrial uses. Its major user is the phosphate fertilizer industry. Other important applications are in petroleum refining‚ steel pickling‚ rayon & staple fiber‚alum‚ explosives‚ detergents‚ plastics and fibers etc. Sulphuric Acid Industry is very old and has been continuously adopting the technological developments. It started with Lead Chamber process followed by contact rocess with Single Conversion Single Absorption
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voltage by use of analog to digital converter. Digital meters can be made with high accuracy‚ typically better than 1%. Specially calibrated test instruments have higher accuracies‚ with laboratory instruments capable of measuring to accuracies of a few parts per million. Meters using amplifiers can measure tiny voltages of micro-volts or less. Digital voltmeters (DVMs) are usually designed around a special type of analog-to-digital converter called an integrating converter. Voltmeter accuracy is affected
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refractories are used. Area of the refractory application is in transfer ladle‚ basic oxygen furnace/ ladle‚ steel ladle and tundish. Transfer ladle is required when hot metal is moved from bottom of blast furnace to other processing units like converter. Refractories essential for transfer ladle are used in four areas- backup lining‚ barrel‚ intermediate and bottom. Backup lining needs to be highly insulating so a porous alumina (70% alumina) LCC is employed. Lining which is going to face the hot
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Introduction to the Magnetic Treatment of Fuel By R.J. Kita Hydrogen is the lightest and most basic element known to man. With its simple structure comprised of only one proton and one electron‚ it is one of the major constituents of all hydrocarbon based fuels. By studying the response of hydrogen with respect to magnetic fields and the accompanying increased energy output‚ much can be learned and applied to other related fuels. In the oxidation/combustion of hydrocarbon fuels‚ it is the outer shell
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that is required for testing modern mixed signal devices using ATE equipment. Many engineers are intimidated when confronting mixed signal test for the first time. However‚ the percentage of VLSI and SOC devices containing analog functions‚ data converters‚ DSPs‚ and similar circuits continues to grow. No longer a specialty or niche‚ mixed signal technology has entered the mainstream. The Course The course first introduces the instrumentation of a Mixed Signal Test System‚ with emphasis on the DSP
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systems have the tolerance capability ‚ to overcome the drawback of LVRT operation of DFIG system using crowbar‚ a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is connected to the stator side to prevent the stator voltage fast changing‚ and then the rotor side converter (RSC) can be in normal operation. A mathematical model of the rotor voltage of DFIG during a symmetrical voltage dip is presented to describe the allowable changing rate of the stator voltage. A new connection structure of DVR is proposed where
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Controllers * The control and conversion of electric power is performed with the help of power electronic controllers * Power electronic system consists of controllers * The power electronic controllers are also called as power electronic converters * Advantages * Fast dynamic response due to static devices * High efficiency of conversion * Compact size and light weight of the controllers * Increased operating life and reduced maintenance * Highly flexible-PEC uses
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architectures for HEVs and FCVs and will then go on to exhaustively discuss the specific applications of dc/dc and dc/ac power electronic converters in advanced automo-tive power systems. Index Terms—Electric propulsion‚ electric vehicles (EVs)‚ fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)‚ hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)‚ internal com-bustion engines‚ motor drives‚ power converters‚ semiconductor devices. I. INTRODUCTION BY THE time the commercialization of the
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thyristor-fed DC motor drives. Part 2 continues with a look at converter output impedance‚ four-quadrant operation‚ single- and double-converter reversing drives and power factor and supply effects. Part 3 examines the operation of a standard dc drive system with speed and current control.] CHOPPER-FED D.C. MOTOR DRIVES If the source of supply is d.c. (for example in a battery vehicle or a rapid transit system) a chopper-type converter is usually employed. The basic operation of a single-switch chopper
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1. (a) The diagram below represents the industrial fractional distillation of crude oil. (i) Identify fraction A. (ii) What property of the fractions allows them to be separated in the column? (2) (b) A gas oil fraction from the distillation of crude oil contains hydrocarbons in the C15 to C19 range. These hydrocarbons can be cracked by strong heating. (i) Write the molecular formula for the alkane with 19 carbon atoms. (ii) Name the type of reaction involved in cracking. (iii) Write
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