Assumptions and Fallacies What are assumptions? How do you think assumptions might interfere with critical thinking? What might you do to avoid making assumptions in your thinking? * An assumption is something we take for granted. We assume our beliefs to be true and use them to interpret the world about us. We humans naturally and regularly use our beliefs as assumptions and make inferences based on those assumptions. We must do so to make sense of where we are‚ what we are about‚ and
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Essay #1: On Being White‚ Female‚ and Born in Bensonhurst A fallacy is an error of reasoning. These are flawed statements that often sound true. Logical fallacies are often used to strengthen an argument‚ but if the reader detects them the argument can backfire‚ and damage the writer’s credibility. The word “fallacy” may derive from the Latin word fallere meaning‚ “to deceive‚ to trip‚ to lead into error or to trick.” The word may also derive from the Greek phelos‚ meaning “deceitful.”
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something less of a chance”. Examples of fallacies: In making the statement “the evil domination of Boss Jim Gettys”‚ that is an example of ad hominem‚ because he is attacking Gettys. The statement that Kane makes “the dishonesty‚ the downright villainy‚ of Boss Jim Gettys political machine” is an example of ad hominem‚ also. The campaigner uses apple-polishing about Kane being the “only one man who can rid the politics of this state”. The fallacy of false dilemma is when the campaigner says
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4 Radius Images/Photolibrary Mistakes in Reasoning: The World of Fallacies Have you ever heard of Plato‚ Aristotle‚ Socrates? Morons! —Vizzini‚ The Princess Bride Section 4.1 What Is a Fallacy? CHAPTER 4 S o far we have looked at how to construct arguments and how to evaluate them. We’ve seen that arguments are constructed from sentences‚ with some sentences providing reasons‚ or premises‚ for another sentence‚ the conclusion. The purpose of arguments is to provide support
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three logical fallacies that are used in this paper are Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc‚ Far-Fetched Hypothesis‚ and False Dilemma. What is a fallacy? A fallacy is viewed as an error in reasoning. To be more exact‚ a fallacy is an "argument" in which the premises given for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree of support. A logical fallacy is an error in logical argument which is independent of the truth of the premises. When there is a fallacy in an argument it is said to be invalid. The presence
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which is a common fallacy made throughout his statement. This is referred to as a tu quoque fallacy‚ which shows that just because you are connected with a certain group of people does not mean you apply to commonly used stereotypes. The NCEA may have done a study relating to the environment but that doesn’t mean they are environmentalists. When Rush refers to the NCEA as "wackos"‚ this is attacking personal character that is not directly relevant to the issue at hand‚ this fallacy is know as ad hominem
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all comes together 1 Understanding how fallacies‚ critical thinking and decision making techniques are all linked together. What is a logical fallacy? According to the Webster dictionary (1996)‚ a fallacy is a false notion. A statement or argument based on a false or invalid inference. Fallacies can be divided into two different groups; the first one is the fallacy of relevance where the premises are irrelevant to the outcome. The other is fallacy of insufficient evidence‚ where the premises
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Base Rate Fallacy Base rate fallacy is when probabilistic inference is made based only on data relating specifically to the situation but ignores additional background or general data relating to the instance of the situation that sometimes leads to wrong conclusions. Base rate fallacy is a “paradigmatic Bayesian inference problem” (Bar-Hillel‚ 1979). If we consider a situation where a hit and run occurred at night in a city where there are 2 cab companies and a cab was suspected to have been involved
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that we resort to using absurd overstatements‚ demeaning language‚ and false accusations in our arguments. This tendency to contradict ourselves often questions our character and morals. Similarly‚ in The Trial of Socrates (Plato’s Apology)‚ Meletus’ fallacies in reason and his eventual mistake of contradicting himself will clear the accusations placed on Socrates. In this paper‚ I will argue that Socrates is not guilty of corrupting the youth with the idea of not believing in the Gods but
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In the trial of Socrates‚ I juror number 307‚ Ryan Callahan vote the defendant is Not Guilty on the first charge of Corrupting the youth. My justifications for this vote are as follows. Socrates didn ’t corrupt the youth‚ he just shared his ideas with them and they in turn chose the path to take these ideas. Part of understanding this case is understand the time in which the case was held. This time being 399 B.C.‚ a time in which Athens was a free democratic city‚ a town which prided itself
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