The Theory of Contestable Markets • Potential competition or monopoly In recent years‚ economists have developed the theory of contestable markets. This theory argues that what is crucial in determining price and output is not whether an industry is actually a monopoly or competitive‚ but whether there is the real threat of competition. If a monopoly is protected by high barriers to entry – say that it owns all the raw materials – then it will be able to make supernormal profits with no fear
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direction our economy will be heading in. Some of the most important factors in regards with dealing with create revenue for the western worlds are market structures. The most important of the market structures would easily be competitive markets‚ monopolies and oligopolies. While to the laymen these things may seem all the same these market structures are very different. Competitive markets are known for having products that are open to the public and having many distributors. As a result considering
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overview. Section I. The Theoretical fundamentals of Pricing in a market economy: Functioning‚ and comparative efficiency of the Pricing system in conditions of the Pure Competition‚ and Pure Monopoly. Practical Module 1. Comparative analysis of Prices and Outputs as a result of Pure Competition‚ and Pure Monopoly. Basic Models of the Markets can be presented as follows: (1) Market of Pure Competition Features: Presence of many firms‚ but none of which can render a considerable influence on level of
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FORMS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION Forms of Industrial Organization Forms of Industrial Organization Introduction According to McConnell and Brue “Economists group industries into four distinct market structures: pure competition‚ pure monopoly‚ monopolistic competition‚ and oligopoly. These four market models differ in several respects: the number of firms in the industry‚ whether those firms produce a standardized product or try to differentiate their products from those of other firms
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different technology and costs gy • information • demand conditions‚ etc. These differences have an impact on the choices made by firms. According to different conditions‚ we will look at the following market structures: • Perfect competition • Monopoly • Monopolistic competition • Oligopoly Managerial Economics / Carlos Almeida Andrade Carlos Almeida Andrade 2013/14 Managerial Economics: Market Structures Part 1 Perfect Competition Main conditions for a perfect competitive market:
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marketing fairly on the internet. Antitrust and monopoly laws have been implemented to stop the spread of unfair business practices‚ but with the birth of social networking‚ a new responsibility for the FCC has arisen. In order to analyze these aspects‚ one must be familiar with antitrust and monopoly law and how it has been grounded in American law since the inception of the Sherman Act. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how antitrust and monopoly law has affected businesses from a marketing/advertising
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produces a good that is differentiated from that of rival firms. Monopoly profits rarely go uncontested. A firm making high profits normally attracts competitors. Thus situations of pure monopoly are rare in practice. Instead‚ the usual market structure in industries characterized by internal economies of scale is one of oligopoly‚ in which several firms are each large enough to affect prices‚ but none has an uncontested monopoly. The
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decisions.” Furthermore‚ given that Oligopolistic firms are few‚ they are interdependent of each other and can either be collusive or noncollusive. It is this interdependence amongst the firms that distinguish them as an oligopoly vice a competitive monopoly. Target and Costco are considered to be Wal-Mart’s competition because they offer similar products and services to their customers. Through personal experience this writer and his family members typically compare the quality of the item‚ to the
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5 firm concentration ratio of 65% means that the 5 largest firms have more 65% of market sales. If the concentration ratio increased‚ then 1 or 2 firms may start to dominate the market and the firms will be able to exercise Monopoly power. (in UK legal definition of a monopoly is a firm with more than 25%) This is likely to cause many different types of inefficiencies In the above diagram the firm maximises profit where MR=MC at output Qm. This output is allocative inefficient because P > MC.
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Alternative theories to profit maximization ranging from perfect competition to strict monopolies. Companies and The Market Most companies are profit oriented. Companies survive and live on profit. Even governmental institutions‚ NGO’s and NPO’s are profit oriented‚ what they do with profit is different though. Saying this means that companies seek always to be at a position where profit is maximized. As we know by now this happens when MC=MR but this is an always changing point as supply and
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