Income statement The income statement or the profit and loss account as it is also called measures reports how much profit (wealth) has the business generated over a period of time. To measure profit the total generated revenue over a period must be identified. Revenue is a measure of inflow of economic benefits arising from the operations of the business. These benefits will either result in an increase of assets such as cash or amounts owed to the business by the customers or a decrease
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Income Effect The equilibrium of the consumer is obtained on the basis of the assumption that the income level of the consumer remains constant and prices of the two commodities also remain constant. When income of the consumer changes or when any price level changes the equilibrium position will be affected. When income increases‚ prices of the commodities remaining the same‚ the budget line shifts parallel to the right. This happens because there is a change in the intercept part of the equation
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experience suggests that the larger the tax gap (the difference between the taxes actually paid and what should be paid according to existing laws and statutes)‚ the more radical are the changes needed. With a tax gap on the order of 60%‚ Afghanistan needs to adopt a comprehensive strategy including revamping of the tax administration in order to obtain significant improvements in compliance. Based on the more detailed analysis in Volume III‚ Chapter 1‚ this chapter first briefly outlines the key
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Tax Avoidance Analysis Tax Avoidance is a legally manipulation for the corporations to lower their tax bill by structuring transactions‚ is also called tax planning. Different with Tax Evasion‚ the Tax Evasion is Criminal and completely illegal. And in generally‚ company which have more profit should have higher tax rate‚ but with the growth of the company‚ many tax avoidance strategy were used by management as result of minimize the tax bills and also without obey the law‚ There are 3 strategies
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Initial Corporate Document ------------------------------------------------- Scents for Cents Firm Number: ADV51 Prepared For: Michael Manjuris GMS 850 - Global Management Strategy February 10‚ 2012 Strategy: Low Cost Production Strategy Form of Company: Classical Firm Vision Statement: (1)We wish to achieve an NPV ranking with the top ten advanced firms by Quarter 4‚ 2014. (2) We also want to attain a debt/equity ratio of 1.2 and maintain it until Quarter 4‚ 2014. (3)
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Classification of Contracts (7 – 1.30) Simple and formal contracts A formal contract is a written contract (such as a deed). A simple contract can be entirely orally or a combination of oral and written. Bilateral Contract: exchange of promise – one promise for another (a promisee’s promise in return for the promisor’s promise or vice versa) o Union Dominions Trust (Commercial) Ltd v Eagle Aircraft Services Ltd [1968] 1 All ER 104 at 108‚ Lord Diplock Unilateral Contract: A one way
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TAX LEG: ITAA1936 [eg. S6(1)]‚ ITAA1997 [eg. S6-5]‚ FBTAA 1986‚ GST Act 1999. Topic 2 – Jurisdiction to Tax taxable payable Tax Payable (s4-10 ITAA1997)= (Taxable income * Tax Rate) – Tax Offsets (Tax/Financial Year = I July – 30 June) – Income tax payable on a year-by-year basis s3-5 ITAA97. Taxable income (s 4-15 ITAA) = Assessable Income less Deductions Assessable Income (s6-1) = Ordinary income (s6-5) and Statutory income (s6-10) but not Exempt income (s6-15). Assessable income includes
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CONTRACTS Stages in the life of a contract: 1. Preparation/Generation 2. Perfection/Birth 3. Consummation/Death Characteristics of Contracts: (ROMA) 1. Relativity (Art. 1311) 2. Obligatoriness & Consensuality (Art. 1315) 3. Mutuality (Art. 1308) 4. Autonomy (Art. 1306) Stipulation pour Autrui - stipulation in favor of a 3rd party. Requisites: 1. The stipulation must be part‚ not whole of the contract; 2. the contracting parties must have clearly and deliberately conferred
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Development Programme (UNDP). The programme is funded by UNDP with additional support from the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID). MEDEP which is now in its Third Phase (2008-2010) primarily aims at improving the livelihoods of low income families those living below the absolute poverty line through promotion of micro-enterprises and employment generation. The target groups of the programme are Women‚ Socially Excluded such as Dalits‚ Indigenous Nationalities (Adivashi-Janajatis)
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partially worthless becomes totally worthless this year‚ only the amount not previously deducted can be deducted this year. True False 3. Last year‚ taxpayer had a $10‚000 nonbusiness bad debt. Taxpayer also had an $8‚000 short-term capital gain and taxable income of $35‚000. If taxpayer collects the entire $10‚000 during the current year‚ $8‚000 needs to be included in gross income. True False 4. A cash basis taxpayer must include as income the proceeds from the sale of an account
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