September 2000 Number 76 The Eukaryotic cell cycle and Mitosis This Factsheet covers the relevant AS syllabus content of the major examining boards. By studying this factsheet the candidate will gain a knowledge and understanding of: • the different phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle (a eukaryotic cell has membrane bound organelles) • the importances of mitosis • the process of mitosis The eukaryotic cell cycle Fig 2. Quantity of DNA in the cell during different phases This is illustrated
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References: *1 =http://www.courses.psu.edu/fd_sc/fd_sc400_jnc3/proteins/enzymes.htm *2 =http://userpages.wittenberg.edu/s04.bdoane *3 =http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/inhibition.html *4 = http://www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/records/rec259.htm *5 =http://www.coursework.info/i/19208.html *6 =http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1991/enzyme_substrate.html *7 =http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/59/3/706
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EXPERIMENT 1: REACTIONS OF ENOLATE IONS WITH CARBONYL GROUPS Aims In this experiment we used two techniques for the reactions of enolate ions with carbonyl groups. One technique used was Doebner reaction and the other technique used was Claisen-Schmidt reaction. Therefore the aim of this experiment is to synthesize trans p-methoxycinnamic acid and to synthesize dibenzalacetone via an aldol condensation reaction between acetone and benzaldehyde. The products would be recrystallized using ethanol
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ROLES OF CELL DIVISION The ability of organisms to reproduce best distinguishes living things from nonliving matter. The continuity of life is based on reproduction of cells‚ or cell division. In unicellular organisms like amoeba‚ division of one cell reproduces the entire organism. Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for: — Development from a fertilized cell — Growth — Repair Cell division is an integral part of the cell cycle
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Notes on Biology The Science of Biology -Biology is the study of living things *Cannot live in isolation -Biologists study the diversity of life *Interactions within environments *Problems and Solutions *Biologists ask “Why?” and perform a scientific experimentation. -Characteristics of living things *Have an orderly cell structure *Produce offspring *Grow and Develop *Adapt to changes in environment. -Living things are organized *composed of one or more cells *cells
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Our assignment is about how chromosomes separate and how cell division works through microtubules and histones. DNA in the nucleus is loose and not well defined into chromosomes because it is usually tightly coiled‚ but in the interphase nucleus the chromatin exists in two forms: loosely coiled form called euchromatin and tightly coiled formed called heterochromatin. These two types become more coiled to form the chromosome at the time of cell division. DNA is a bit loosely coiled in the euchromatin
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Abiotic A term-that describes a nonliving factorin an ecosystem. Active Transport -The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration that uses energy provided by ATP or a difference in electrical charges across a cell membrane. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) A molecule that provides energy for cellular reactions and processes. ATP releases energy when one of its high‐energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group. Adhesion The intermolecular attraction
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1) Current Ratio The ratio is mainly used to give an idea of the company’s ability to pay back its short-term liabilities (debt and payables) with its short-term assets (cash‚ inventory‚ receivables). The higher the current ratio‚ the more capable the company is of paying its obligations. 2) Quick Ratio An indicator of a company’s short-term liquidity. The quick ratio measures a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations with its most liquid assets. For this reason‚ the ratio excludes inventories
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Financial ratio analysis A reading prepared by Pamela Peterson Drake OUTLINE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. Introduction Liquidity ratios Profitability ratios and activity ratios Financial leverage ratios Shareholder ratios Introduction As a manager‚ you may want to reward employees based on their performance. How do you know how well they have done? How can you determine what departments or divisions have performed well? As a lender‚ how do decide the borrower will be able to pay back as promised? As a
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1. Explain the terms area of convergence and area of origin and explain what each term reveals to an investigator. The area of convergence of an impact spatter pattern is the area the individual stains emanated from on a two-dimensional plane. The area of origin of a bloodstain pattern in three-dimensional space may represent the position of the victim or suspect when the stain-producing event took place. These areas can determine and reveal to an investigator the direction of force‚ angle of impact
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