Time Budget Advanced Auditing April 14‚ 2011 It is not only important for auditors to keep accurate and precise working papers for an audit‚ it is also important for auditors to keep accurate and precise records of their time spent on the tasks associated with an audit. “When accountants complete work without recording it as chargeable time‚ potential revenue can be lost and erroneous planning and poor personnel decisions can result.” (Lightner‚ et. al.‚ 1983) Hamilton Wong is one of
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BUSINESS ETHICS CASE STUDY 1) What are Joseph’s ethical problems? Joseph is faced with some ethical problems such as honesty‚ conflicts of interest‚ fairness and bribes. He found out that Carl and other employees were using (kickback) with their customers. Even if the Alcon’s hand book didn’t say anything about the kickback‚ but it include this statement" our company stands for the right thing at all time and giving our customers the best products for the best price" so Joseph and the employees
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reporting and internal governance standard of public companies. Ethics Issues The first issue is the lack of independence of the board of directors and their breach of fiduciary duty. The Board of Directors has the legal and ethical duty of monitoring the company’s management on behalf of the shareholders. The members should remain independent and should always examine the company’s operations with great care. In Enron’s case‚ the Board of Directors was comprised of members who were too close
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History of Indian Budget India’s first Finance Minister Sir R.K. Shanmugham Chetty‚ presented the first Finance Budget of independent India on November 26‚ 1947. Since then‚ 28 differentUnion Finance Ministers have been presenting the budget year after year. Initially‚ major attention was paid towards the agriculture sector but as the economy evolved‚ the focus shifted from agriculture to other sectors like industrial‚ financial etc. During the early the fifties‚ Indian budget highlights revolved
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Ethics Case Study Merck & Company invested millions of dollars to develop a treatment for river blindness‚ a disease of the developing world that has infected 18 million people and poses a risk for 127 million people. River blindness is caused by the bite of black flies that deposit larvae of a parasite under the skin of their victims. When the larvae mature into adult worms‚ the adults reproduce millions of the immature forms of the parasites that migrate throughout the tissues of the body causing
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Traditional Budget Accounting…………………………………...……… pg 3 1.Taxonomy of Chinese Accounting……..…………….......................... pg 3 1.1 The Domain of Budget Accounting……….…………...………... .pg 3 1.2 Chinese units……………………………………………………... pg 4 2. Public Financial Management Process……………………..……….. pg 4 Conventional Budget Accounting …………………………………………pg 5 1. Overall and Unit Budgets…………………….…………………….. pg 5 2. Characteristics of the Chinese Budget Accounting
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BUDGET According to CIMA ‚ Official Terminology “A budget is a financial and /or quantitative prepared prior to a defined period of time ‚ of the policy to be pursued during that period for the purpose of attaining a given objective.” In the words of Crown and Howard ‚ “ A budget is a pre- determined statement of management policy during a given period which provides a standard for comparison with the results actually achieved.” BUDGETRY CONTROL Budgetary control is the process of determining
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Introduction to budget A budget is a financial plan for business‚ prepared in advance. It is defined by cima as ‘a plan expressed in money’. Cash flow forecasting is the process of estimating cash inflows and cash outflows over a period of time‚ usually for a period of 1 year. Cash Budget is the process of estimating cash inflows and cash outflows over a period of time‚ usually prepared monthly. Cash flows is the amount of money flowing into and out of a business over a period of time. Cash inflows
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Generally An estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time is called budget. A budget is a financial document used to project future income and expenses. The budgeting process may be carried out by a country‚ individuals or by companies to estimate whether the country /person/company can continue to operate with its projected income and expenses. The finance minister‚ AMA Muhith‚ has proposed national budget for fiscal year 2012-13 on June 7‚ 2012 with a total outlay of Tk 1‚91‚738 crore
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Unit 330 Agree a Budget Before developing a draft budget I have the previous financial year’s budget‚ income statements and the cash flow for my consideration within the future budget. It was really helpful although the new orders are due within the next year and I had to recalculate income and variable expenses. I have prepared a list of all the incomes and expenses and put them together to use as estimations for developing a draft budget. This list should always be prepared before the start
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