Teenage Pregnancy: Correlation is not Causation Dahlia Richardson MAT 540: Statistical Concepts for Research Ashford University Professor Dr. Stacy Thorne June 10‚ 2013 Teenage Pregnancy Introduction Teenage pregnancy has proven itself to be a global problem that places both the mother and child at risk. This paper will examine studies about the risk factors for pregnancy in women under the age of 19 and comparing them to risk factors for women between 19 and 35 inclusively to determine
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The immunological theory of aging‚ or immunosenescence‚ advances the idea that the immune system is programmed to decline over time. This programmed deterioration in immune system results in an increased vulnerability to infection disease‚ and thus leads to aging and death. The gradual deterioration of the immune system leads to loss of antibody efficacy‚ and with the body’s defense mechanisms against new diseases compromised‚ the body becomes more susceptible to cellular stress and eventual death
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first time‚ correlational research provides a good starting position. It allows researchers to determine the strength and direction of a relationship so that later studies can narrow the findings down and‚ if possible‚ determine causation experimentally. | Correlation research only uncovers a relationship; it cannot provide a conclusive reason for why there is a relationship. A correlative finding does not reveal which variable has influential power over the other. Also‚ a third‚ unknown variable
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In Thomas Sowell’s article‚ “The Fallacy of Fair”‚ he makes it clear that he believes many of the people who utilize the term fair in politics do not truly understand it’s meaning. He urges the idea that society is often blamed for the results of the handicaps that life bestows upon groups or people‚ leading society to attempt to level out the playing field for those on the bottom end of the totem pole. This concept in itself portrays the real injustice considering it skews the reality of a group’s
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talks about the link between different things. It is important to understand that correlational research does NOT tell us that Variable A caused Variable B‚ but rather that they are somehow related. For example‚ if I told you that there was a correlation between domestic violence (violence between family members) and bowling‚ you would look at me strangely. But there is a relationship between the variables (variable 1- domestic violence‚ and variable 2- bowling). As more people bowl in the US
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shows that it is pre-existing factors‚ such as alcoholism‚ that determin institutional misconduct. Harer and Steffernmeier studied data from 58 American prisons and had found a correlation between being African American and having a higher level of misconduct within the prison. These pieces of research show a clear correlation between an individuals disposition and their aggression levels within an institution and this implies
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what to realize about the rapidly changing economy. The question of if you think college is a sucker bet is an opinion‚ but Dave Maney would say yes college is a sucker bet. One of the first things that Maney talks about in his article is that causation is not causality. That means that just because something correlates
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1) Some definitions 2) Economics as a science 3) Production possibilities frontier Reading Chapters 1‚2‚3 Definitions Economics: the study of the choices people make and the actions they take in order to make the best use of scarce resources in meeting their wants and needs Economic choices: Consider some activity X. Then a simple rule of economics is: If benefits (activity X)> Costs (Activity X)‚ then do activity X If Costs (activity X) > Benefits (activity X)‚ then do not do
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regression line o passes through (x‚ y) o b = r (Sy/Sx)‚ a = y – bx – r2 = fraction of variation in one variable that is explained by least-squares on the other variable – Extrapolation – values in regression outside of data range – Correlation ≠ Causation Chapter 2 – Numerical summary provides center & spread – Mean & median are different (average/midpoint) – Five-number Summary – min‚ Q1‚ M‚ Q3‚ max o Outlier = 1.5 x (Q3-Q1) ± Q1/Q3 – Variance (s2) and Standard Deviation (s) measure
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Scientific Study of Personality Iris Darvish PSY/500 January 14‚ 2013 Dr. Tera Duncan Introduction There have been many theories that seek to define and explain personality. Some theories look at the different aspects of personality while others may put the emphasis on the traits that make up a personality. Is there one universal definition that is used among psychologists that can explain personality? There are many methods that researchers use to study personality. Among those methods
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