PCR0025 Critical Thinking All Foundation ONLINE NOTES LOGICAL FALLACIES Logical fallacy: An argument that contains a mistake in reasoning. 2 major groups: 1. Fallacies of relevance 2. Fallacies of insufficient evidence Fallacies of Relevance Mistakes in reasoning that occur because the premises are logically irrelevant to the conclusions. 1. Personal Attack 2. Attacking the motive 3. Look Who’s Talking (Tu Quoque) 4. Two Wrongs Make a Right 5. Scare Tactics 6. Appeal to Pity 7
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Text 6: Glory Glory Be to Chocolate- Naught But Nic Contextual detail: Taken from the authors book “From the Devils Pulpit” the text was publish in 1997 and was written by the author John Agard. John Agard is a man who was born in Guyana. This is significant because Guyana is located on the Caribbean Coast of South America‚ a country where simple foods are seen as luxurious as they have one of the poorest economies of South America. Text 6 Genre Poem taken from a section of the book “From the Devil’s
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RECONSTRUCTING ARGUMENTS Deductive and Inductive Here we are to learn the techniques for PART I‚ Making a Critique- i.e.‚ argument reconstruction‚ by doing the following “steps”: 1. Read the discourse; 2. Number and Bracket arguments; 3. Write an Index of Claims; and 4. Tree-Diagram the arguments. What is critiquing? Benjamin Samuel Bloom (1913 – 1999) - the creator of Bloom’s Taxonomy (1956) following a framework for categorizing educational goals: Taxonomy of Educational
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The cosmological arguments are inductive arguments based on an ‘a posteriori’ premise‚ which‚ despite having been introduced many years ago‚ continue to be prevalent today. An early example of the argument is within ‘Timaeus’‚ in which Plato proposed the idea that anything that has been created must be created by a cause. These arguments are intended to prove the existence of the God of Classical Theism by explaining that God must be the first cause of the universe; the being setting the world into
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John F. Kennedy University College of Undergraduate Studies (ENG 1010B CRITICAL THINKING‚ READING & WRITING) Summer 2013 College Mission:Our Mission is to provide high quality innovative learning opportunities that integrate theory‚ practice‚ and life experience in a synergistic collegiate environment. Program Mission:We transform your life so that you can transform the lives of others. Instructor: Erik Wennermark Email: ewennermark@ancmoodle.com Office Hours: M-R 1:30 – 4:00
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Logical Fallacies Response 1. Hasty Generalization: My father smoked four packs of cigarettes a day since age fourteen‚ and lived until age sixty-nine. Therefore‚ smoking really can’t be that bad for you. Explanation: This is a clear example of a hasty generalization. The writer concludes that smoking is universally not bad just because his or her father is still alive although he smokes a lot. The health risk of smoking cannot be claimed based on the case study of one person. It is very unreasonable
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Ethics‚ simply put is one’s belief about what is good or bad. It is also refer to as moral philosophy. There are two perspectives that help define our knowledge or awareness of moral values or moral reason: ethical subjectivism and ethical egoism. Ethical subjectivism states that morality is merely about feelings‚ attitudes and beliefs‚ none of which are objectively justified or any better than others. For example‚ in the forefront in American politics today some feel that women have the right to
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Thinking is a tool of life. Critical thinking is a term of thinking deeply‚ in spirit‚ where to gathered information from experience‚ reflection‚ evidence to reach an answer or conclusion. Critical thinking is “the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing‚ applying‚ analyzing‚ synthesizing‚ or evaluating information gathered from‚ or generated by‚ observation‚ experience‚ reflection‚ reasoning‚ or communication‚ as a guide to belief and action.” (Michael Scriven
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Empiricism‚ according to David Hume is a flawed and incomplete mode of thinking‚ this is largely due to the fact that one may never truly experience a cause. He poses the argument that causes are assumed using synthetic‚ not analytic judgment. This is the essence of Hume’s main argument that the view of actions and their consequences as logically dependent upon one another is necessarily flawed and detrimental to human understanding. He argues this in the following way. First‚ that empiricism is
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Chapter 1 of Critical Thinking‚ Reading‚ and Writing: A Brief Guide to Argument by Sylvan Barnet‚ Hugo Bedau‚ and John O’Hara states that critical thinking has been misunderstood as negative and should be understood as the act of being able to think skillfully‚ observationally and consciously. This chapter also discusses that a critical thinker should not act upon opinionated and prejudgment beliefs‚ but should take consideration‚ and make themselves knowledgeable by finding factual information
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