Cognitive Dissonance Theory was proposed by psychologist Leon Festinger to reason as to why humans change their behavior. According to Festinger‚ an individual has their beliefs (their perception of something) and these beliefs need to mirror their actions/behaviors in order for them to be at an equilibrium. If these two things are not aligned then this creates cognitive dissonance. It was proposed that‚ because humans do not like to be out of alignment‚ they will be motivated to either change their
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superordinate‚ representational‚ and combinatorial processes that occur during the reception of information. A primary process in learning is subsumption in which new material is related to relevant ideas in the existing cognitive structure on a substantive‚ non-verbatim basis. Cognitive structures represent the residue of all learning experiences; forgetting occurs because certain details get integrated and lose their individual identity. A major instructional mechanism proposed by Ausubel is the use
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involves the feelings and emotions about the attitude object. Behavioural which is how the attitude influences how we act or behave and Cognitive this involves the person’s belief and attitudes around the attitude object. There has been much research into attitudes‚ in an attempt to discover how people form attitudes and how they in turn impact upon behaviour. The cognitive approach focuses the internal mental processes used. It uses an analogy of the mind as a computer to
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Cognitive dissonance Cognitive dissonance is the term used in modern psychology to describe the state of people when holding two or more conflicting cognitions (e.g.‚ ideas‚ beliefs‚ values‚ emotional reactions) simultaneously. In a state of dissonance‚ people may sometimes feel surprise‚ dread‚ guilt‚ anger‚ or embarrassment.[1] The theory of cognitive dissonance in social psychology proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance by altering existing cognitions‚ adding new
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Cognitions are thoughts. Dissonance means clashing. The influential thoughts of cognitive dissonance states that contradicting or clashing thoughts cause discomfort. That is‚ we have a need for consistency in our thought‚ perceptions‚ and images of ourselves (Cooper‚ Mirablie‚ & Scher‚ 2005; Festinger‚ 1957). Inconsistency‚ then‚ can motivate people to make their thoughts or attitudes agree with their actions (Oskampe & Schultz‚ 2005). The theory of cognitive dissonance in social psychology proposes
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basketball). Balance theory: the theory that people try to maintain balance among their beliefs‚ cognitions‚ and sentiments. Cognitive dissonance theory: the theory that inconsistencies between a person’s thoughts‚ sentiments‚ and actions create an aversive emotional state (dissonance) that leads to efforts to restore consistency. Effort justification: the tendency to reduce dissonance by finding reasons for why we have devoted time‚ effort‚ or money to something that has turned out to be unpleasant or
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1. Cognitive dissonance is a state where someone is being confronted by something that is against his beliefs (doing an action that he / she does not like‚ etc.)‚ and then he / she tries to balance the inconsistency that he experienced by changing his view on that inconsistency (to reduce the dissonance by justifying it). People want to be consistent in their attitudes and rationalizing irrational things that they did is what cognitive dissonance makes them do. For example‚ in Festinger’s experiments
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“the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary psychology”. The words attitude and persuasion are often found together‚ as in the phrase persuasion and attitude change. Persuasion is an attempt to change people ’s attitudes. For example‚ advertisers try to persuade potential customers to buy a product. To do this‚ they try to create a positive attitude toward the product. Social psychologists have emphasized that an attitude is preparation for behavior. Otherwise‚ nobody would care
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theory of cognitive dissonance posits that when an individual ’s cognitive elements are inconsistent with each other‚ a state of cognitive dissonance exists [15‚ 27]. Also‚ it is assumed that when such a condition is present an individual develops a need to restore equilibrium [15‚ 27]. Dissonance may be aroused from various sources: decision making‚ forced compliance‚ exposure to dissonant information‚ and disagreement with others [15]. When an individual is confronted with cognitive dissonance
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predict and explain behavior. ATTITUDES 3. Attitudes are evaluative statements concerning objects‚ people‚ or events. 4. When an employee says‚ “I make less money at this company than I could earn at another company‚” he or she is reflecting the cognitive component of an attitude. 5. The behavioral component of an attitude is made up of the beliefs‚ opinions‚ knowledge‚ or information held by a person. 6. The term attitude usually refers to the affective component. 7. The satisfaction-performance
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