Harvard Business School 9-387-108 Rev. June 21‚ 1989 Coca-Cola Versus Pepsi-Cola (A) Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola had been competing for 93 years in 1982‚ and the rivalry had intensified since the early 1950s. By the mid-1970s‚ business journalists had labeled this competition "The Cola Wars." The launching of the Pepsi Challenge in 1977 propelled the wars into the 1980s‚ considerably altering the landscape of the soft-drink industry. History of Soft-Drink Concentrate Producers Soft drinks had existed
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industry‚ smaller national producers‚ such as Seven-Up and Dr Pepper‚ are relatively trivial. There are a lot of players of same size in the bottling industry. Unlike the furious competition between Pepsi and Coke‚ no sense of competition can be felt in bottling industry. Reasons are that‚ first‚ Pepsi and Coke control the majority of bottlers in 1990s; second‚ intrabrand competition is restricted by the franchise agreement‚ which is protected by ’Soft Drink Interbrand Competition Act’. From the view
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Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2006 CSD Industry Overview Coke and Pepsi‚ the two main players in the duopoly market‚ have benefited from average growth of 3% since 1970 in the CSD market. There are many substitutes to CSD’s such as; milk‚ coffee‚ bottled water‚ beer‚ juices‚ tea‚ wine‚ sports drinks‚ and tap water yet American’s drank more soda than any other beverage. Coke and Pepsi competed fiercely for market share and this competition built brand recognition for both companies. Continuous
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Cola Wars Continue : Coke and Pepsi in 2006 1. Why historically has the soft drink industry been so profitable? * High rate of consumption increasing at an average of 3% per year * Increasing availability of CSDs * Introduction of diet and flavoured varieties Year | 1970 | 1975 | 1981 | 1985 | 1990 | 1994 | 1996 | 1998 | 2004 | Consumption in Cases (million) | 3090 | 3780 | 5180 | 6500 | 7780 | 8710 | 9290 | 9880 | 10240 | 2. Compare the economics of concentrated
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Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2010 Consider the CSD industry. Have Coke and Pepsi’s profits historically been high? Do you consider it surprising or not surprising given the product they produce? In the CSD industry‚ the highest net profit-sales ratio of Coke and Pepsi are 21.1% and 14.3%‚ and the steadily growth is also surprising.so the profits are high. The content is water‚ Coke syrup‚ CO2‚ and additives‚ which cost about 10 cents per can‚ nearly next to nothing. What are the primary
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Coke vs Pepsi Week 5 Case Study Question #1 Question #2 Question #3 Question #4 Can you make poor investment decisions and be profitable? What evidence do you see from the companies’ results that indicate how well they made investment decisions (capital budgeting). A company can make poor investment decisions and still remain profitable‚ but only for a time. A company cannot continually make poor investment decisions and remain profitable forever. When looking at the Coke vs Pepsi case study
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CAPITAL BUDGETING Cost of Capital Evaluating Cash Flows Payback‚ discounted payback NPV IRR‚ MIRR The Cost of Capital • Cost of Capital Components – Debt – Common Equity • WACC Should we focus on historical (embedded) costs or new (marginal) costs? The cost of capital is used primarily to make decisions which involve raising and investing new capital. So‚ we should focus on marginal costs. What types of long-term capital do organizations use? nLong-term debt nEquity Weighted
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COLA WARS CONTINUE: COKE AND PEPSI IN 2006 The case is about the rivalry between two of the biggest companies in the world‚ Coca Cola and Pepsi. It is a battle which started in the early 1990s and which still characterizes the soft drink industry; but‚ as a former CEO of Pepsi said‚ it is a “battle without blood”: Coca Cola could not exist without Pepsi and the other way round. They mutually force each other to adapt their strategy to customers’ new needs‚ to apply competitive prices and to face
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as the discount rate in net present value (NPV) project appraisal techniques.1 The weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) represents the overall cost of capital for a company‚ including the costs of equity and cost of debt‚ weighted according to the proportion of each source of finance within the business. In easy words WACC measures a company’s cost to borrow money. The WACC equation is the cost of each capital component multiplied by its proportional weight and then summing: Where: Re
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Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2006 Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola have a long history of intense competition since 1950. Besides the CSD (carbonated soft drink) consumption rise‚ it brought both Coke and Pepsi enjoyed significant revenue growth. In 2004‚ CSD has 52.3% of total US Liquid Consumption. Coke and Pepsi had 22.1% and 14.4% in Net profit/sales respectively. There are four major participants involved in the production and distribution of CSDs: 1. Concentrate Producers (Coke‚ Pepsi‚ and others))
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