Price/rate/spending variances: Standard is out of date; Standard set without due care; Efficient or inefficient buying (e.g.‚ discounts); Buying different quality material from standard; Buying materials from a non‑usual source due to urgency; Utilising different labour from standard; Price changes due to economic conditions; scarcity of supplies; Choosing to incur additional discretionary fixed costs; More (or less) overtime hours used than budgeted. 2. Efficiency/usage/quantity variances: Standard is out of date
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Q1: explicit costs and implicit costs concepts Explicit Cost Explicit cost is defined as the direct payment which is supposed to be made to others while running business. This includes the wages‚ rents or materials which are due in the contract. The explicit cost is the expense done in business which can easily be identified and accounted for in the business at any stage. The explicit cost represents the out flows of cash in clear and obvious terms. When any out flow of credit occurs in a business
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IT Sector Equity Research Report January 14‚ 2011 IT-Tier 1 IT Services THEMATIC Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall… Analyst contact Ankur Rudra‚ CFA Tel: +91 22 3043 3211 ankurrudra@ambitcapital.com Tier 1 Indian IT firms have outperformed the Sensex by 14% over the last twelve months and are trading at ~20x FY12 P/E. Such share prices imply long term revenue growth rates >20% over FY11-16 and sustained margin performance. Our reverse DCF analysis indicates that this will be tough to
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Characteristics of Debt and Equity Instruments Team D: Steven Harrison‚ Jessica Jefferies‚ Arlene Rivera‚ Kairstin Roberts‚ FIN476 Mr. Seth Fargen January 29‚ 2007 Financial Instruments Financial Instruments are the lifeblood of any successful company; they are like rivers of living water that brings life and nourishment in order to grow into a strong company. Financial Instruments fall into two categories‚ debt and equity. Debt is a financial instrument that is used to finance an organization
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Chapter Six Businesses and Their Costs Study Questions: 1. Explain the difference between a plant‚ a firm‚ and an industry. Plant – establishments such as a factory‚ farm‚ mine or store. Firm – an organization that employs resources to produce goods/services for profit. Industry – group of firms that produce the same or similar products. 2. State the advantages and disadvantages of the corporate form of business. Advantages – most effective form of
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product costs are the direct materials‚ and manufacturing overhead that are involved in acquiring or making products. Products costs are assigned to an inventory account on the balance sheet and considered to be assets. When the goods are sold‚ the costs are released from inventory and are recognized as expenses in the income statement. Period costs are all the costs that are not included in product cost‚ such as advertising‚ executive salaries‚ and other nonmanufacturing costs. These costs are expenses
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The debt ratio started out low but has since 2015 increase to 0.90. A high debt ratio implies a low proportionate equity base. Debt to Equity Ratio The debt to equity ratio is a financial‚ liquidity ratio that compares a company’s total debt to total equity. The debt to equity ratio shows the percentage of company financing that comes from creditors and investors. Kirkland`s debt-to-equity ratio at year end 2016 is 0.99 percent. The peer average is 0.88 percent‚ Kirkland’s ratio indicates more than
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INTRODUCTION Cost accounting is an important tool in the management of any business firm or organization‚ which includes those in the small scaled industry. In the cause of our research instrument indicated the maintenance of improper and inadequate records coupled with the fact that cost methods used‚ through sometimes effective‚ were unconventional. For a small scale business to approach profit maximization level‚ it must be effective in cost control procedures and appropriate books
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Classification of Cost Cost may be classified into different categories depending upon the purpose of classification. Some of the important categories in which the costs are classified are as follows: 1. Fixed‚ Variable and Semi-Variable Costs The cost which varies directly in proportion with every increase or decrease in the volume of output or production is known as variable cost. Some of its examples are as follows: • Wages of laborers • Cost of direct material • Power The cost which does
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Cost Concepts for Managerial Decision Making Prepared for instructional use in Economics For Managers ECG 507 College of Management North Carolina State Universiy © Stephen E. Margolis 2000 Soon we will be using the concepts of cost that are presented in Landsburg’s chapters five and six to analyze market behavior of firms. With a bit of interpretation‚ however‚ these concepts have immediate application to ordinary decisions that
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