Islamic Contract Law TYPES OF COMMITMENTS 1. Wa‘d – • • • – وunilateral promise One party binds itself to perform a function for another Does not normally create legal obligation Legal obligation is created: • • Genuine need of the masses – (ر Contingent promise ا س )رد ا ز ن ز ا إذ ا 2. Muwaa‘ada – ا ة • • • • – bilateral promise Two parties performing two unilateral promises on the same subject Use of two unilateral promises can lead to a forward contract‚ which
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Supporting Contract. Among the supporting contract that used by Islamic financial institutions are: 1. Contract of Rahn (Pledge) 2. Contract of Kafalah or Dhaman (Guarantee) 3. Contract of Wakalah (Agency) 4. Contract of Wadiah (Safe Custody) 5. Contract of Ibraa (Rebate) Contract Of Rahn (Pledge) The conditions to each essential elements of Rahn are as follows: a. Pledgor (customer) b. Pledgee (eg: Islamic Bank) 3 necessary conditions of ‘Pledgor and Pledgee’ as follows:
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A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as an adhesion contract or boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties that does not allow for negotiation‚ i.e. take it or leave it. It is often a contract that is entered into between unequal bargaining partners‚ such as when an individual customer is given a contract by the salesperson of a multinational corporation. The customer is in no position to renegotiate the standard terms of the contract and the company ’s representative usually
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The elements of a crime are a sequence of components which must exist in order to prove that an individual is responsible for an offense. The prosecuting party must supply corroborative proof to display that each element of an offense is present. The three essential elements that must be present are criminal act‚ criminal intent‚ and concurrence. If a case does not have‚ but just one of these elements‚ then it might begin to disintegrate. The two most important components for specific intent are:
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Effects of a Breach of Contract There are various types of contract with in the world of law such as civil law which deals with relations between individual citizens where as private law focuses on the relations between ordinary people on a day to day basis‚ both types of law include the law of contract. A contract is an agreement that is legally enforceable and therefore can be settled within a court of law‚ however how can we distinguish between a contract and any other form of non-legally enforced
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KINDS OF DEFECTIVE CONTRACTS 1. Recessible Contracts 2. Voidable Contracts 3. Unenforceable Contracts 4. Void or Inexistent Contracts Rescissible (Article 1380-1389) Voidable (Article 1390-1402) Unenforceable (Article 1403-1408) Void ( Article 1409 -1422) ALL essential requisites of a contract exist. All the essential requisites of a contract exist All essential requisites exist but unenforceable due All or some of the essential requisites to non-compliance with statutory requirements
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revoked through rumours Goldsbrough Mort v Quinn A promise to hold an offer open for a time is not enforceable (as there is no consideration). BUT option contracts have consideration for the promise Mobil Oil Australia v Lyndel If the performance of a unilateral contract has commences the offeror can revoke it but there may (Depending on circumstances) be an implied ancillary (side) unilateral contract to not revoke it which you would be in breach of Stevenson‚ Jaques & Co v McLean Inquiry as to a
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HISTORIES AND IDEOLOGIES OF WELFARE Ideology is a system and ideas‚ especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy (oxford dictionary). Everybody has his/her own ideology‚ they are our own systems of believe that shape and structure the way we see the world‚ and make judgment about it‚ and each individual’s ideological perspectives is different and unique. Individual ideologies are both capital and prescriptive; we know what is wrong with
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Steven Thel Fall 2012 Contract An oral or written agreement between two or more people‚ an exchange relationship‚ at least one promise‚ enforceable. Mutual Assent each party must intend to enter the contract and must agree to do so on mutually agreeable terms. Assent is legally sufficient if each party‚ by the deliberate use of words or conduct‚ manifests agreement to be contractually bound. Lucy v. Zehmer joke and intoxication was not enough to get Zehmer out of a contract that Lucy took seriously
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CONTRACT LAW NOTES It is a legal enforceable agreement entered into by two or more different persons with legal capacity. The parties should have serious intention to create legally binding obligations. Their agreement needs to be within parities’ contractual capacity. Furthermore‚ parties should communicate such intention without vagueness each to the other and being of the same mind to the subject matter. Essentials of a contract a) it should be lawful b) possible of performance c) within
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