Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity Mechanisms of Pathogenicity • Pathogenicity: • Virulence: Mechanisms of Pathogenicity Figure 15.9 Portals of Entry • Mucous membranes • Skin • Parenteral route Numbers of Invading Microbes • ID50: Infectious dose for 50% of the test population (animals) • Dose of pathogen that will infect half of the test animals • LD50: Lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population (animals) • Dose of toxin that will kill half of the test
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Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium with a variety of important applications. It is a natural inhabitant of the human and animal gastrointestinal tracts and performs beneficial functions such as breaking down food‚ producing vitamins‚ and preventing the colonization of harmful bacteria. E. coli is also widely used as a model organism in biological research due to its fast growth‚ ease of genetic manipulation‚ and well-understood molecular biology. It is used in biotechnology to produce a variety
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Probiotics are live microorganisms which are believed to provide health benefits when consumed. The term probiotics meaning ‘for life’ (pro= ‘for’ or ‘in support’‚ biotic= ‘life’) is derived from Latin & Greek language. The term was first used by Lilly and Stillwell in 1965 to describe “substances secreted by one microorganism which stimulates the growth of another microorganism” i.e. which is exactly opposite of ‘antibiotics’‚ later in 1971 Sperti used the term probiotics to describe “tissue extracts
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HUN 4446 Exam 2 Study Guide Lactose Mal Digestion/ Malabsorption 1. What are the products of lactose digestion? -The products of lactose digestion are glucose and galactose. 2. What is lactase deficiency? -Lactase deficiency is a deficiency in the enzyme that breaks down lactose. The causes of lactase deficiency include congenital defects‚ secondary lactase deficiency‚ and primary (acquired). 3. Define lactose maldigestion‚ identify the potential etiologies of lactose maldigestion‚ and describe
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NU 545 Unit 2 Study Guide Review the anatomy of the brain. (pg. 451) Which portion is responsible for keeping you awake? (pg. 453) The epithalamus‚ pineal gland‚ functions much like the limbic system by influencing the secretion of melatonin associated with circadian rhythms. Controlling thought? (pg. 452) They parietal lobe is involved in sensory association (storage‚ analysis‚ and interpretation of stimuli). Emotions and behavior? (pg. 453) The hypothalamus is responsible
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Microbiology is involved in many aspects of human daily life. The food eaten to the showerheads in the bathroom contain thousands of microbes. Microbiology is evident in our lives and it is reported through various media. News reports have articles about microbes just like a recent article from Times Magazine titled Overcoming Obesity by Alex Park. Park featured article is about the problem of obesity in America and how different scientists are thinking of new manners to combat this epidemic
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS 1. Covering and protection 2. Secretion (cutaneous gland) 3. Excretion of metabolic wastes (cutaneous gland) 4. Sensation (presence of nerve endings and tacticle) 5. Respiration – in frog 6. Absorption – in frog 7. Regulation of body temperature HOMOIOTHERMOUS ANIMALS- warm blooded animals or those with regulated body temperature because of their heat-conserving body. POIKILOTHERMOUS ANIMALS - cold blooded animals whose body temperature closely follows
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Research A Review of Strategies to Decrease the Duration of Indwelling Urethral Catheters and Potentially Reduce the Incidence of CatheterAssociated Urinary Tract Infections Michael S. Bernard‚ Kathleen F. Hunter‚ and Katherine N. Moore I ndwelling urinary catheters are widely used in hospitalized patients and can be an appropriate means of therapeutic management under specific circumstances. However‚ many indwelling urinary catheters are used without clear indications (Gokula‚ Hickner
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When it penetrates a break in the surface‚ it induces an immune response that involves hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide. For example‚ when it reaches the gut‚ it induces what is clinically referred to as enterocolitis‚ or infection of the digestive tract (Suzuki‚ 1994). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)‚ just like other S. aureus strains avoids such immune response through catalase‚ which efficiently breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. This activity of the catalase in the escape
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of administration that involves the alimentary tract. The four enteral routes of administration include the mouth‚ sublingual‚ buccal and rectal. Parenteral refers to routes of administration outside of or beside of the alimentary tract. The parenteral route includes intravascular (IV)‚ Intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) routes of administration. The parenteral routes are used for drugs that are poorly absorbed or that are unstable in the GI tract. The parenteral routes are used in unconscious
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