sample was converted to its equivalent neutralizing capacity in terms of sodium carbonate. A mass of the impure sample was dissolved and diluted in distilled water. 3 drops of indicator was mixed and the solution was titrated with the standard acid (HCl) to the endpoint. Volumetric analysis is a quantitative analytical technique which employs a titration in comparing an unknown with a standard. A titration reaction may use two indicators‚ as in the analysis of carbonate-bicarbonate mixture. The two
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solution of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) by titrating it with Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and to identify any possible sources of error. A colour change from pink to yellow signified the end of each individual titre as the NaOH had been neutralised. Experimental: Method: Firstly two solutions were prepared to show the colour of the Phenol Red indicator in acid and alkaline conditions. These colours were then used to determine the end point of each titre. In the experiment 0.100M HCl (acid) was added‚ from a burette
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activation is defined as “the energy required to get the reactions started”. (Lab Manual) Metabolism in living organisms must be conducted quickly and at temperatures low enough to prevent the organism from dying. Using organic catalysts‚ such as enzymes (protein-based molecules)‚ allows this to occur. Each enzyme in living organisms is specific to a particular kind of reaction and without these enzymes; critical reactions could not take place because they would cause severe
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sugar molecule glucose or oligosaccharides. - Intramolecular reaction: C = O group and one of the –OH groups Test for carbohydrates; time for the formation of osazone gives an idea for the identity of the sugar. Reagent: phenylhydrazine-HCl/NaCH3COOH Positive test: yellow crystals ACYL COMPOUNDS‚ SOAPS AND DETERGENTS SIMPLE SUGARS (monosaccharides) - Cannot be converted into smaller sugars by hydrolysis Glucose‚ fructose Undergo nucleophilic substitution Benzoic Acid -
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about the standardization of bases (NaOH) and acids (HCl) which is basically making a dilution to change the molarity. The first reaction consists of titrating sodium hydroxide (NaOH) into potassium acid phthalate (KHP or K[HC8H4O4]): K+[HC8H4O4]- + Na+OH- => K+Na+[HC8H4O4]- + H2O The second titration we did was hydrochloric acid (HCl) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH): HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) => NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Procedure: You need to calculate the volume of 3 M NaOH needed to make 500 mL of a 0.1 M solution
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Solution Abstract The aim of the experiment was how to determine the molarity of a solution. My hypothesis was if I have to determine the molarity of a NaOH solution‚ then I would have to use a standard solution of HCl solution because I would need to neutralize each other to determine the concentration of the solution of NaOH. The method that I used for this experiment was titration. Titration helped me achieved the result on figuring out the unknown molarity of the solution. Throughout
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composition of the following mixture by double indicator method: 1. NaOH(aq) and Na2CO3(aq) 2. NaHCO3(aq) and Na2CO3(aq) Introduction Consider a mixture of NaOH(aq) and Na2CO3(aq). Reaction between HCl(aq) and Na2CO3(aq) takes place in two stages: HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) ⎯→ NaHCO3(aq) + H2O(l) …………………. (1) HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) ⎯→ NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) …………. (2) While that between HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) completes in only one step: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⎯→ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ……………….………. (3) Solution mixture of
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antacids by looking at their weight of HCl and weight of antacid values. The analysis of antacid tablets was highlighted in this experiment. The efficiency of antacid tablets was determined and compared when the number of grams of HCl can be neutralized by 1 gram of the tablet was found. First‚ the two antacid tablets (Kremil-S) were crushed and weighed to the nearest 0.01 g which was 0.5003 g and 0.5014g. Then‚ transferred into a 250 mL flask and added 50.0 ml 0.1M HCl using an acid burette. Then‚ the
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Acid | Base (NaOH) | Ratio: volume base/ mass acid | Final mass or volume | .70g | 38 ml | 38 ml / .70g | Initial mass of volume | .70g | 0.0 ml | | Mass or volume | .70g | 38 ml | | Titration of HCL | PART II | Acid (HCL) | Base (NaOH) | Ratio: volume base/ volume acid | Final volume | 10 ml | 4.8 ml | 4.8ml / 10ml | Initial volume | 0.0 ml | 0.0 ml | | Volume | 10 ml | 4.8 ml | | Calculations Part I Solid Acid- KHC4H4O6- 188g - .0037mol Base- NaOH .038 L 1 KHC4H4O6
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Experiment No. ___________________ Date ___________________ NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS INTRODUCTION The neutralization of hydronium or hydroxide ion to form water is widely used as the basis for volumetric determinations of acids‚ bases and salts of weak acids. The reaction is characterized by a rapid change in pH near the equivalence point‚ a change that is readily detected by an acid-base indicator or that can be followed electrically by use of a pH meter. Neutralization titrations
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