FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – MAKING AND PURIFYING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Stage 1 – Deciding how much reagent to use Most organic reactions do not go to completion; most reach an equilibrium position with significant quantities of reactants still remaining. In addition‚ separating the desired product from the rest of the reaction mixture‚ and then purifying it‚ will result in the loss of more of the product. The amount of product obtained expressed as a percentage
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Investigating Aspirin Aims Synthesize my own aspirin Analyse the purity of my aspirin samples (aspirin and recrystallized aspirin) compared to commercial aspirin by use of analysing melting points‚ TLC plates and colorimetry tests Investigate how pH effects the rate of hydrolysis of aspirin Background theory Making my own sample of Salicylic acid (to then be converted into Aspirin) Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) can be made by hydrolysing methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate. Oil
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0.0110 mol Amount acetic anhydride used: mass 1.31 g mol 0.0128 mol (Show Calculations) p-aminophenol amount calculation: Mol=Mass(g)/Molecular weight(g/mol)= 1.20g/(109 g/mol)=0.011 mol acetic anhydride amount calculation: Mass(g)=Volume(mL)xDensity(g/mL)=1.20mLx1.09g/mL=1.31g Mol=Mass(g)/Molecular weight(g/mol)=1.31g/(102 g/mol)=0.0128 mol Product: Theoretical Yield of Tylenol: mass 1.66 g mol 0.0110 mol (Show Calculations) Above we see acetic anhydride exists in excess and p-aminophenol
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He a lt h 0 3 2 3 Fire 0 Re a c t iv it y 2 P e rs o n a l P ro t e c t io n Material Safety Data Sheet Sulfuric acid MSDS Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification Product Name: Sulfuric acid Contact Information: Catalog Codes: SLS2539‚ SLS1741‚ SLS3166‚ SLS2371‚ SLS3793 CAS#: 7664-93-9 Sciencelab.com‚ Inc. 14025 Smith Rd. Houston‚ Texas 77396 RTECS: WS5600000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400 TSCA: TSCA
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LSD-25 Synthesis from "Psychedelic Guide to the Preparation of the Eucharist": Preparatory arrangements: Starting material may be any lysergic acid derivative‚ from ergot on rye grain or from culture‚ or morning glory seeds or from synthetic sources. Preparation #1 uses any amide‚ or lysergic acid as starting material. Preparations #2 and #3 must start with lysergic acid only‚ prepared from the amides as follows: 10 g of any lysergic acid amide from various natural sources dissolved in 200 ml of
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The Chemistry of Lipids Experiment #8 Objective To observe the solubility of lipids in polar and nonpolar solvents and to compare saturated and unsaturated fats in their chemical reaction with bromine. The percent fat in a food will be determined by extraction of the fat and weighing it. Introduction Lipids‚ by definition‚ are natural substances that do not mix with water but dissolve in organic solvents. There are several classes of lipids‚ including: fatty acids‚ waxes‚ triacylglycerols
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melting point of 135°C and is also known to be aspirin. It is one of the most widely used drugs that can lower fever and is used as a painkiller. According to (Escobel‚ 2011)‚ Aspirin is synthesized through the reaction of salicylic acid with acetyl anhydride that causes a chemical reaction that turns salicylic acid’s hydroxyl group into an acetyl group‚ (R—OH → R—OCOCH3). An inorganic acid such as phosphoric acid is used as a catalyst. Set-ups Figure 1.1. Steam bath Figure 1.2. Cold bath Figure
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This yields sodium salicylate which will be acidified in methanol (CH3OH) which will remove the sodium bonded to the oxygen‚ and switch it to a hydrogen atom bonded to the oxygen‚ making an alcohol group. This new product is salicylic acid. Acetic anhydride is added to the salicylic acid to add an acetyl group to carbon 2 which will create acetylsalicylic acid
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Contaminated chemical reagents Inappropriate proportions Uncontrolled environmental factors such as light and temperature. Human errors 3.) Reactivity towards chlorination (least reactive to most reactive) a. Toluene‚ Nitrobenzene‚ Anisole‚ Methylbenzoate -Nitrobenzene‚ Methylbenzoate‚ Toluene‚ Anisole b. Benzene‚ acetophenone‚ bromobenzene‚ benzyl alchohol - Acetophenone‚ Bromobenzene‚ Benzene‚ Benzyl alcohol c. Styrene‚ benzaldehyde‚ aniline‚ iodobenzene - Benzaldehyde‚ Iodobenzene‚Styrene‚ Aniline
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Terms such as “bullfrogs‚ fox‚ skunk‚ rabbit‚ alder and poplar leaves” contrast this with concrete and specific language. By pinpointing details of his surroundings‚ exempting the generalization “creatures”‚ one can infer that he took the time to observe and name each entity that caught his attention. This reflects his respect for and knowledge of the Nature that he surrounds himself with; a simple mention of “trees” or “animals” as opposed to “alder and poplar” and “fox‚ skunk‚ rabbit” would have
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