between electrons and nuclei‚ or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such as dipole–dipole interactions‚ the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding. Since opposite charges attract via a simple electromagnetic force‚ the negatively charged electrons that are orbiting the nucleus and the positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other. Also‚ an electron positioned
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1.1 The atoms‚ during bond formation‚ may lose or gain electrons (valence electrons) in order to achieve a stable state‚ or technically speaking‚ a stable electron configuration. Usually metal atoms lose electrons and non-metals gain electrons in order to achieve electron stability. When dealing with bond formation (Ionic bonding for example) we need to analyse the outer shell of the atom. Metals usually present 1‚ 2 or 3 electrons in their outer shell therefore they have to give them away to achieve
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{draw:frame} Graphite Space Group C6/mmc; C-centered hexagonal Lattice parameters a = 2.4612 Å c = 6.7079 Å Atoms/unit cell 4 Cell volume 35.189 x 10-24cm3 X-ray density 2.2670 g/cm3 Electronic Configuration: Diamond The carbon atom’s electronic configuration is believed to change from its ground state in diamond as follow: {draw:frame} Quantum-mechanical calculations indicate that greater overlap between orbitals results in a stronger covalent bond. The diamond
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gases are not reactive has to do with the outermost electron shells. Halogens are reactive because they only have seven electrons in their outermost shell and can gain another by reacting with atoms of other elements. A few examples of halogens are: fluorine‚ chlorine‚ bromine‚ iodine‚ and astatine. On the other hand alkali metals are extremely reactive because instead of gaining another electron like the halogens‚ alkali metals lose one or two electrons. Some examples of alkali metals are: lithium‚ sodium
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Free Electron model can. Explains the effects of the temperature‚ impurities‚ and deformation on Electrical Conductivity in which the Drude Model can’t explain. List two aspects of materials behaviour that the Drude and QFE models can’t explain but that Band Theory can. The Band Theory can explain why the outer electrons become delocalised and the semi conductivity. [2 marks for each part] 2 Using the Drude model‚ for platinum‚ calculate the number of delocalised electrons per
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Chemistry Summary The particle theory: 1. Matter is made of tiny particles 2. Particles of matter are in constant motion 3. Particles of matter are held together by very strong electric forces 4. There are empty spaces between the particles of matter that are very large compared to the particles themselves. 5. Each substance has unique particles that are different from the particles of other substances 6. Temperature affects the speed of the particles. The
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atoms ... a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are: Covalent Bonds Covalent chemical bonds involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms‚ in contrast to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds. Such bonds lead to stable molecules if they share electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas configuration for each atom. Hydrogen gas forms the simplest covalent bond in the diatomic hydrogen molecule. The halogens such as chlorine also exist as diatomic gases
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the number of protons and neutrons a.b. The sum of the number of protons‚ neutrons‚ and electrons. a.c. The sum of the number of the neutrons and electrons. a.d. The sum of the number of the electrons and protons. 6) (3 points) Determine the number of protons‚ neutrons‚ and electrons in: C 7) (3 points)Determine the number of protons‚ neutrons‚ and electrons in: 8) (3 points) Write the name and the symbol of the element with the
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As such‚ its outer shell (VALENCE) has the maximum number of electrons (i.e.‚ the outer shell is full). Thus‚ the electron configuration is STABLE. In other words‚ Noble Gases are not reactive. Figure 2 is the element Nitrogen. Its outer shell is NOT full. Thus‚ the electron configuration is UNSTABLE. To become stable (i.e.‚ have an outer shell with the maximum number of electrons)‚ nitrogen will either GIVE AWAY or TAKE electrons from another element. When this happens‚ the NITROGEN ION is
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Atomic Theory Essay We are first going to talk about Protons‚Neutrons and Electrons. These three elements are a very good example of most things that are in use of gas fumes. It all started when Protons and neutrons where‚ Protons were discovered by Experimenting with discharging tubes. Eventually they found out the rest of the Atoms over time. Which brings me into the word of Orbital. Orbital is a Neutron‚ electron or a proton Going around a single atom with certain amounts of energy levels. Which
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