MODULE 1: THE CHEMICAL EARTH 3.1.1: Elements in Earth are present mostly as compounds because of interactions at the atomic level * Identify that matter is made of particles that are continuously moving and interacting Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space. Exists in three different states: solid (s)‚ liquid (l) and gas (g) The Particle Theory: “All matter is made up of small‚ indivisible particles called atoms that are continuously moving” | Solid | Liquid | Gas | Particle
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element (TRUE) 10. Models of the atom a. Plum Pudding- electrons float around in a positive charged “pudding” b. Nuclear Model- atom is mostly empty space. All the positive charge and almost all the mass is concentrated in a small area in the center‚ called the nucleus. Nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons c. Planetary- electrons orbit the nucleus like planets d. Quantum-atom is found inside a blurry electron cloud 11. Scientists – Thomson‚ Rutherford‚ Millikan‚ etc.
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holds the atoms together in metal crystal. Valence electron: The electrons in the outer most energy level in an atom that takes part in chemical bonding are called valence electrons. Bonding electrons: The valence electrons actually involved in bond formation are called bonding electrons. Octet rule: In chemical bond formation‚ atoms interact- (i) by losing‚ (ii) by gaining or (iii) by sharing electrons to acquire a stable noble gas configuration. He (2) 2
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6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 5:02 PM Page ii 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 5:02 PM Page i 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 5:02 PM Page ii 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/15/07 2:14 PM Page iii ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I AS A SECOND LANGUAGE Second Edition DR. DAVID R. KLEIN Johns Hopkins University JOHN WILEY & SONS‚ INC. 6753_Klein_00.qxd 5/1/07 Marketing Manager Production Manager Production Editor Cover Designer 5:02 PM Page iv Amanda Wygal Pamela
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greater understanding of the universe. Specifically‚ we gain better understanding of how the structure of the atom works‚ as we study the interaction of small particles which gives us a better understanding of the world. The data which we have on how electrons and atoms interact is gathered mostly on observations alone. For example‚ the properties of hydrogen atoms can distinguish between the different tissues and muscles within the human body‚ this is because the human body consists of 63% of hydrogen
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covalent bonding where electrons are shared between non-metal atoms. 3. What is a chemical bond? Discuss the differences between an ionic bond and a covalent bond. Any of several forces‚ especially the ionic bond‚ covalent bond‚ and metallic bond‚ by which atoms or ions are bound in a molecule or crystal. Ionic bonds are chemical bonds between two ions with opposite charges‚ characteristic of salts. Covalent bonds are chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons‚ especially pairs
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Do Electrons Really Exist? Science has defined the nature of the world through an assortment of things that are observed in the physical world and those that are unobservable‚ improvable theories that explain the world. Electrons are unobservable. We cannot experience their existence with our own human senses. Do electrons really exist‚ or are they just useful fictions? Antirealists would explain that they do not exist because you cannot observe them. Realists would argue that electrons
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Primary Source Review #1 Title: Age-associated decreased activities of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes in heart and skeletal muscle: role of L-carnitine Authors: Kumaran S.‚ Subathra M.‚ Balu M.‚ Panneerselvam C. Journal: Chemo-Biological Interactions Vol. 148 Pgs. 11-18 Date: 2004 Instructions: You may work together on this assignment and turn it in as a group or individually. You will need to use resources such as the internet in addition to your textbook and the article
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5Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________ Student Exploration: Ionic Bonds Vocabulary: chemical family‚ electron affinity‚ ion‚ ionic bond‚ metal‚ nonmetal‚ octet rule‚ shell‚ valence electron Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. Nate and Clara are drawing pictures with markers. There are 8 markers in a set. Nate has 9 markers and Clara has 7. What can Nate and Clara do so that each of them has a full set? ____
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This molecular orbital model can be used to explain why He2 molecules don’t exist. Combining a pair of helium atoms with 1s2 electron configurations would produce a molecule with a pair of electrons in both the bonding and the * antibonding molecular orbitals. The total energy of an He2 molecule would be essentially the same as the energy of a pair of isolated helium atoms‚ and there would be nothing to hold the helium atoms together to form a molecule. The fact that an He2 molecule is neither
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