Germanium and silicon are two well-known semiconductors. 1.2 Atoms and elements Ordinary matter is made up of protons‚ neutrons‚ and electrons and is composed of atoms. An atom consists of a tiny nucleus made up of protons and neutrons‚ on the order of 20‚000 times smaller than the size of the atom. The outer part of the atom consists of a number of electrons
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Core Module 1: The Chemical Earth Contextual Outline The Earth includes a clearly identifiable biosphere‚ lithosphere‚ hydrosphere and atmosphere. All of these are mixtures of thousands of substances and the use of this pool of resources requires the separation of useful substances. The processes of separation will be determined by the physical and chemical properties of the substances. In order to use the Earth’s resources effectively and efficiently‚ it is necessary to understand the properties
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photon interactions throughout the radiologic field. These are produced when matter and excited electrons interact with each other at the same level. The photons are able to penetrate through matter without a big interaction due to the energy being absorbed in matter. The photons in this interaction are the x-ray and gamma photons. Their lives are ended when they give off their energy to an electron in need. This interaction along with the other interactions are very important‚ especially for the
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orbitals react and exchange or share electrons; the result is either a covalent bond (shared electrons so that each has a full shell) or an ionic bond (the electron is completely removed from one atom and given to the other; the differently charged ions then attract and bond). 1. Covalent bonding Gilbert Newton Lewis (October 23‚ 1875 – March 23‚ 1946)[2] was an American physical chemist known for the discovery of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs; his Lewis dot structures and
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Protons or Electrons Atomic mass equals the number of Protons + Neutrons Using the periodic table‚ fill in the chart for each Atom (Round the atomic mass to the nearest whole number). 2. Carbon (C) Atomic # = ____6__Atomic Mass = _ 12 _ # of Protons = ____6____# of Neutrons = ___6_____# of Electrons = ___6_____ # of Electrons in the valence shell? __4___ 3. Oxygen (O) Atomic # = ___8___Atomic Mass = ___16____ # of Protons = ____8____# of Neutrons = ____8____# of Electrons = ___8_____
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Lab: Flame Test Purpose: to determine the ID of 2 unknown substances Background Information: Every atom consists of a nucleus with tiny electrons whizzing around it. The further away from the nucleus they are‚ the more energy the electrons have. If a metal atom is heated‚ the electrons get enough energy to jump higher away from the nucleus‚ they become “excited”. When they fall back closer to the nucleus (back to their ground state)‚ they give off this extra energy as light. Why is the
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carrying out processing and data storage on the same chip)‚ investigators have been eager to exploit another property of the electron—a characteristic known as spin. Spin is a purely quantum phenomenon roughly akin to the spinning of a child’s top or the directional behavior of a compass needle. The top could spin in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction; electrons have spin of a sort in which their compass needles can point either “up” or “down” in relation to a magnetic field. Spin
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Jo Adrian P. del Mundo CN 08 3S (A) August 1‚ 2013 Atomic Models The Electron Cloud Model - an atom is comprised of a nucleus made up of neutrons and protons‚ and electrons moving extremely fast around the nucleus‚ forming an electron cloud instead of moving in orbits like what Bohr’s model suggests - proposed by Erwin Schrodinger in 1926‚ when he derived this model using a mathematical equation that he himself made http://1.bp.blogspot.com
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* Proposed that an atom was a positively charged empty sphere containing negatively charged electrons raisin scone analogy What Thompson left us with? * Atoms consist of negative electrons embedded within a positively charged sphere * Analogy of raisin bun often used Milikin’s Famous Oil Drop Experiment * Determined size and charge on electron * Discovered charge on single electron was 1.6 x 10^19 C How it worked? * Knew mass of single drop of oil‚ calculated gravity on
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outermost electrons are assigned to orbitals with increasingly higher values of the principal quantum number. The underlying electrons require space so the electrons of the outer shell is farther from the nucleus. • In a period‚ going across the period‚ a proton is added to each nucleus and an electron is added to each outer shell. In each‚ the effective nuclear charge increases slightly because the effect of each additional proton is more important than the effect of an additional electron. The result
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