Edexel IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes IGCSE Chemistry Triple Award Revision Guide Topic Introduction to chemistry Atomic Structure Structure and Bonding – Ionic Bonding Structure and Bonding – Covalent and Metallic Bonding Organic Chemistry - Alkanes Organic Chemistry – Alkenes / Addition Polymerisation Organic Chemistry – Alcohols / Condensation Polymerisation Calculations Periodic Table Reactivity Series and Metal Extraction Electrolysis Energetics Acids‚ Bases‚ Salts and Neutralisation
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objects around you. Atoms are composed of particles called protons‚ electrons and neutrons. Protons carry a positive electrical charge‚ electrons carry a negative electrical charge and neutrons carry no electrical charge at all. The protons and neutrons cluster together in the central part of the atom‚ called the nucleus‚ and the electrons ’orbit’ the nucleus. A particular atom will have the same number of protons and electrons and most atoms have at least as many neutrons as protons. Protons and
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Green Computing: Should It Be Photonics or Spintronics for Quantum Computers? Xavier Mattam xaviermattam@hotmail.com Abstract - Quantum Computers are widely acclaimed as the future computers. There is so much research being done in this field of Quantum Computers that one would rightly feel that the advent of Quantum Computers for everyday use is not far off. But at a time when Global Warming has become a real threat to our very existence‚ the question we need to responsibly ask ourselves before
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Solutions manual: Chapter 1 Getting started © Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2006. This page from the Chemistry Dimensions 1‚ Teacher’s Resource may be reproduced for classroom use. QUESTIONS 1 Research 2 Property Solid Liquid Gas Volume Fixed Fixed Variable Shape Fixed Variable Variable Forces between particles Yes Yes No Movement of particles Vibration and rotation Vibration‚ rotation and translation Random and chaotic
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The Development of the Atomic Theory Have you ever wondered how the atomic theory came to be? Or have you have wondered who it was that helped in its development? There was not just one man who came up with the atomic theory‚ but there were many scientists that contributed to its development. One of these scientists was Democritus‚ a Greek philosopher. Democritus was the son of Hegesistratus‚ and he was a student of Magians and Chaldaeans. By some authorities he was thought of as the greatest
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Atoms release light photons when their electrons become excited. If you’ve read How Atoms Work‚ then you know that electrons are the negatively charged particles that move around an atom’s nucleus (which has a net positive charge). An atom’s electrons have different levels of energy‚ depending on several factors‚ including their speed and distance from the nucleus. Electrons of different energy levels occupy different orbitals. Generally speaking‚ electrons with greater energy move in orbitals farther
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greater understanding of the universe. Specifically‚ we gain better understanding of how the structure of the atom works‚ as we study the interaction of small particles which gives us a better understanding of the world. The data which we have on how electrons and atoms interact is gathered mostly on observations alone. For example‚ the properties of hydrogen atoms can distinguish between the different tissues and muscles within the human body‚ this is because the human body consists of 63% of hydrogen
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all turned the flame a vivid green colour‚ with some including green sparks also. Both of the sodium bottles turned the flame orange for a short time. Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom in energy levels. If atoms are heated up to the point where the electrons are orbiting the atom shells at a faster pace than usual‚ the energy from the electrons when they are slowing down their pace is given off in light form‚ and when the energy levels are back to normal again‚ the colour of the flame is back
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development and contribution from many different scientists. Scientist Ernest Rutherford had been the best contributor to the understanding of the atomic structure. Why Rutherford was chosen is because his work had information on protons‚ neutrons‚ and electrons‚ the main components that make up the atom‚ showed what the atom looks like when the three are put together‚ and had also been the discoverer of the nucleus which is the one of them most important parts of the atom’s structure. The discovery of
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15.2 Born-Haber Cycle Our calculations of enthalpies so far have involved covalent substances. Now we need to look at the enthalpy changes involved in the formation of giant ionic lattices. Lattice enthalpy is defined as either the: ’the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a solid ionic crystal is broken into its ions in the gaseous state‚ at standard temperature and pressure. Because all the bonds in the ionic lattice are broken‚ it is an endothermic process‚ ∆H is positive. ’ The
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