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Edexel IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes
IGCSE Chemistry Triple Award
Revision Guide
Topic Introduction to chemistry Atomic Structure Structure and Bonding – Ionic Bonding Structure and Bonding – Covalent and Metallic Bonding Organic Chemistry - Alkanes Organic Chemistry – Alkenes / Addition Polymerisation Organic Chemistry – Alcohols / Condensation Polymerisation Calculations Periodic Table Reactivity Series and Metal Extraction Electrolysis Energetics Acids, Bases, Salts and Neutralisation Preparing and Analysing Salts Rates Equilibria and the Haber Process Page 1-6 7-8 9-10 11-14 14-17 18-19 20-22 23-32 33-39 40-44 45-48 49-51 52-58 59-63 64-65 66-70
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Edexel IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes
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Edexel IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes
States of matter
SOLIDS: (particles in contact; attractions hold them in fixed positions) • have definite shape and volume
LIQUIDS: (particles in contact, and attract each other, but are free to move around) • have a definite volume • they take the shape of a container
GASES: (particles widely separated; little or no attraction; move freely until they collide) • spread out (diffuse) and into all the space that is available and will mix completely with any other gas(es) in the same space • are compressible (i.e. can be squashed up into a smaller volume)
The following diagram shows the names given to the various changes of state. Sublimation Evaporation (at any temperature) Boiling (at fixed temp = b.p.t) SOLID Freezing (at fixed temp = m.p.t) Sublimation When substances change state, energy is involved. Change of State Energy Change Reason for energy change Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Liquid Solid Gas Liquid Heat taken in Heat taken in Heat given out Heat given out Energy needed to break bonds between the particles in the solid Energy needed to break the forces between the particles in the liquid Energy given out as particles bond together in the solid Energy given out as particles bond together in
IGCSE Chemistry Triple Award
Revision Guide
Topic Introduction to chemistry Atomic Structure Structure and Bonding – Ionic Bonding Structure and Bonding – Covalent and Metallic Bonding Organic Chemistry - Alkanes Organic Chemistry – Alkenes / Addition Polymerisation Organic Chemistry – Alcohols / Condensation Polymerisation Calculations Periodic Table Reactivity Series and Metal Extraction Electrolysis Energetics Acids, Bases, Salts and Neutralisation Preparing and Analysing Salts Rates Equilibria and the Haber Process Page 1-6 7-8 9-10 11-14 14-17 18-19 20-22 23-32 33-39 40-44 45-48 49-51 52-58 59-63 64-65 66-70
-0-
Edexel IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes
-1-
Edexel IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes
States of matter
SOLIDS: (particles in contact; attractions hold them in fixed positions) • have definite shape and volume
LIQUIDS: (particles in contact, and attract each other, but are free to move around) • have a definite volume • they take the shape of a container
GASES: (particles widely separated; little or no attraction; move freely until they collide) • spread out (diffuse) and into all the space that is available and will mix completely with any other gas(es) in the same space • are compressible (i.e. can be squashed up into a smaller volume)
The following diagram shows the names given to the various changes of state. Sublimation Evaporation (at any temperature) Boiling (at fixed temp = b.p.t) SOLID Freezing (at fixed temp = m.p.t) Sublimation When substances change state, energy is involved. Change of State Energy Change Reason for energy change Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Liquid Solid Gas Liquid Heat taken in Heat taken in Heat given out Heat given out Energy needed to break bonds between the particles in the solid Energy needed to break the forces between the particles in the liquid Energy given out as particles bond together in the solid Energy given out as particles bond together in