the atom and of covalent and ionic bonding that students have used so far emphasizes the attractions between bonding atoms. The nucleus‚ electrons‚ and double-headed arrows show that the protons and electrons from one atom attract the oppositely charged electrons and protons of the other atom‚ resulting in bonding. The energy levels show that only valence electrons are involved in bonding. After students understand the important role of attraction of opposite charges‚ you may introduce them to a common
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03.04 Valence Electrons and Bonding Individual neutral atoms are rarely found in nature. The noble gases are the only elements that are found as single atoms more often than they are found in compounds. Atoms are held together in compounds by electrostatic attraction between positive nuclei and negative electrons. This attraction holds atoms together in a chemical bond‚ a link between two atoms resulting from the mutual attraction of their nuclei for valence electrons. All chemical bonds involve
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positive charges in the neutron and the electrons. Due to the increase of the number of positive charges‚ the electron’s attractive force becomes stronger‚ thus (the electrons) being drawn close to the nucleus. The stronger the attractions causes the electrons move closer to the nucleus‚ decreasing the size. When going down the column (group)‚ the number of electron shells that are occupied increases‚ creating a shield. The shield are the inner shells that have electrons making the outermost level being
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1. Provide a comprehensive description of the experiment Thomson used to discover the electron. Thomson was experimenting with electric discharges in electric discharge tubes when he found that it would glow when a high voltage was applied in a gas volume at low pressure‚ while it was known that the glow in the gas was something to do with the cathode and the negative pole of the high voltage‚ Thomson continued with his experiments with the rays coming from the cathode and he found that the rays
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Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________ Student Exploration: Electron Configuration Vocabulary: atomic number‚ atomic radius‚ Aufbau principle‚ chemical family‚ diagonal rule‚ electron configuration‚ Hund’s rule‚ orbital‚ Pauli exclusion principle‚ period‚ shell‚ spin‚ subshell Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. Elvis Perkins‚ a rather shy fellow‚ is getting on the bus shown at right. Which seat do you think he will probably
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Introduction To Scanning Electron Microscopy At the completion of the prac‚ the practical experience of operating a scanning electron microscope is sufficient to operate the particular machine in the future. During the experiment‚ two different gold plated samples are analysed under the SEM and compositional and topographic information is identified and analysed. Both the information is derived by changing the working distance‚ accelerating voltage‚ aperture size‚ probe current‚ resolution and
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Topic: Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment The Millikan Oil-Drop experiment was the first experiment to determine the charge of an electron. In 1909‚ Robert Millikan ultimately came up with a way to determine this charge through finding the minute electric charge on a droplet from an oil mist. Basically‚ Millikan started with an enclosed chamber that had two flat plates inside‚ one with a positive charge and one with a negative charge. The portion is split up by the positively charged plate so at the beginning
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Notes for WK2 – 10 September Lesson 1 * State the resolution and magnification that can be achieved by an electron microscope. * explain the need for staining samples for use in electron microscopy Lesson 2 * calculate linear magnification of an image such as photomicrograph or electron micrograph Key words * Resolution= the ability to distinguish 2 separate points as distinct from each other. * Magnification= the number of times greater an image is than the actual object
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Name _________________________________________ Date _________________________ Period ____ Homework Chapter 7: Electronic Structure of Atoms Exercises: Sections 7.4‚ 7.5 : Ionization Energy and Electron Affinities 1. Write equations that show the process for (a) The first two ionization energies of gallium; first: Ga(g) → Ga+(g) + 1 e– second: Ga+(g) → Ga2+(g) + 1 e– (b) the fourth ionization energy of rhodium. fourth: Rh3+(g) → Rh4+(g) + 1 e–
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Energy and Electron Affinity Ionization Energy is removing an electron Electron Affinity is adding an electron Ionization Energy • Energy required to remove an electron from a ground state atom Ionization Energy of Noble Gases • Noble gases have full orbitals‚ so it is difficult to remove an electron from them. But‚ it does become easier the further away the electrons get from the nucleus. Ionization Energy of Alkali Metals • Alkali Metals only have one valence electron‚ so it does
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