140 or greater(Pheochromocytoma - Medical Definition and More from Merriam-Webster. n.d.). So what does all this mean in layman terms? Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of adrenal gland tissue. It results in the release of too much epinephrine and norepinephrine‚ hormones that control heart rate‚ metabolism‚ and blood pressure. The adrenal glands are a part of the Endocrine system. It is this system that the body depends on to regulate normal body functions. Most of these types of tumors are
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1 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: UNDERSTANDING THE ESSENTIALS (v2013‚ long sheet) Lecturer: D.G. Simbulan‚ Jr.‚ PhD ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------Outline: I. Introduction II. Comparison between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems III. Anatomical and Physiological features of ANS IV. Metabolism of Neurotransmitters; Main form of removal from synaptic cleft/ junctional
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PHYSIOLOGY Transmembrane receptors composed of excitable G-proteins‚ which cross the cell membrane and link selectively with extra cellular ligands are called adrenoceptors. They are also termed as α-2 Adrenoceptor agonists α-2 adrenergic receptors. Three α-2 isoreceptors - α-2a‚ α-2b and α-2c of adreno receptor bind α-2 agonists and antagonists with similar rapport and share an amino acid composition homology of roughly 70 to 75%. The efficacy of sub receptor specific agonists that constrains deleterious
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nervous and endocrine systems overlap to some extent. Certain specialized nerve cells known as neurosecretory cells release hormones into the blood. The hormones produced by these cells are sometimes called neurohormones. Chemicals such as epinephrine serve as both hormones of the endocrine system and neurotransmitters in the nervous system. The nervous system plays a role in certain sustained responses—controlling day/night cycles and reproductive cycles in many animals‚ for example—often
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therapy (tricyclic antidepressants‚ SSRIs‚ SSNRIs‚ or EC therapy). -also used in: panic disorder‚ social anxiety disorder -Action: inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase‚ resulting in accumulation of various neurotransmitters (dopamine‚ epinephrine‚ norepinephrine‚ and serotonin) in the body. -Therapeutic effects: improvement in mood for depressed patients -Contraindicated in: hypersensitivity‚ liver disease‚ severe renal disease‚ cardiovascular disease‚ uncontrolled hypertension‚ cerebrovascular
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the skeletal muscles they innervate. The ANS consists of a two-neuron chain. 3. The neurotransmitter released by the somatic motor neurons is acetylcholine‚ which always has an excitatory effect; the neurotransmitters released by the ANS are epinephrine and acetylcholine‚ and both may have either an excitatory or an
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General Adaption Syndrome- (Stress Response) Three Stages: Consistent way the body reacts to stress; typically involves elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocorticoids Alarm reaction- mediated by norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system‚ and epi from the adrenal medulla. They prepare body for flight or fight. Angiotensin and aldosterone levels also increase. Angiotensin raises BP‚ aldosterone promotes sodium and H2O conservation‚ which helps offset possible losses by sweating and bleeding
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Chapter 2 Brain and Behavior The cerebral cortex outer layer of the cerebrum has the two largest hemispheres that covers the upper part of the brain which are divided into smaller portion called lobes. Corticalization is an increase in size of the wrinkling of the cortex and without this we would not be any smarter than any other animal. Cerebral hemispheres are divided into right and left halves of the cortex connected by thick band axon fibers called corpus. Hemispheric specialization‚ testing
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1. HIV- pathophysiology‚ risk factors‚ testing‚ patient teaching (pets)‚ sentinel infections‚ NNRTIs/PIs action‚ needlestick length of tx (4 weeks)‚ CD4 count Patho—retrovirus that integrates itself into the genetic material of a host cell‚ changing the proviral DNA and encoding structure‚ regulatory‚ and accessory proteins within the cell. Reverse transcriptase help the virus produce in the host cell. Signs & Symptoms—none‚ possibly flu-like. Patient Teaching—prevention of secondary infection
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Abstract Stress is a common condition‚ a response to a physical threat or psychological distress‚ that generates a host of chemical and hormonal reactions in the body. In essence‚ the body prepares to fight or flee‚ pumping more blood to the heart and muscles and shutting down all non-essential functions. As a temporary state‚ this reaction serves the body well to defend itself. However‚ when the stress reaction is attenuated‚ the normal physical functions that have been either exaggerated or shut
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